Atmospheric pressure glow discharge optical emission spectrometry coupled with laser ablation for direct solid quantitative determination of Zn, Pb, and Cd in soils

Portable Capillary-Microplasma Optical Emission Spectrometer: Gold-Labeled and Silver-Stained Signal Amplification for Carcinoembryonic Antigen Detection

Signal amplification techniques based on catalytic silver deposition on immunogold labels have been used for immunoassays. However, conventional instruments often suffer from limitations in point-of-care testing due to their bulky size, high cost, and complex operation. We herein designed an integrated, portable 3D-printed device by integrating capillary liquid electrode glow discharge (CLEGD) with optical emission spectrometer (OES) for the sensitive determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in tiny samples. Without the need for additional devices, the sample solution is automatically drawn into the discharge chamber under the action of capillary force and applied high voltage; Ag(I) in the analyte is atomized and excited in the discharge plasma, resulting in Ag atomic emission lines at 328.1 nm. The system enables the detection of 101-106 ng mL-1 Ag(I) and further quantification of carcinoembryonic antigen concentration. Under optimized conditions, the compact equipment achieves CEA detection comparable to that of ICP-OES, with a linear range of 1-500 ng mL-1 and a limit of detection as low as 0.9 ng mL-1.

High sensitive detection of Cd, Hg, Pb and Cr in rice based on LA-MPT-OES with optimized excitation regions by two-dimensional characterization of plasma plume

Direct, rapid and highly sensitive detection of heavy metals in rice is essential to ensure food safety. In this research, a combination of laser ablation and microwave plasma torch optical emission spectrometry (LA-MPT-OES) was proposed. Based on the optimal observation positions, a high sensitivity and direct determination of Cd, Hg, Pb and Cr in rice were realized. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.97, 0.12, 0.61 and 0.15 μg/kg, respectively, which were reduced by one order of magnitude compared to the optimal observation height. In addition, the LOD was reduced by one to two orders of magnitude compared with the techniques that require sample pre-treatment. Moreover, the results of the Certified Reference Materials and real samples were in agreement with the reference values with a relative error in the range of 0.28% ∼ 14.16%. The results demonstrated that LA-MPT-OES could be a promising tool to detect heavy metals in rice.

Advances in atmospheric pressure plasma-based optical emission spectrometry for the analysis of heavy metals

Over the past decade, miniaturized optical emission spectrometry (OES) systems utilizing atmospheric pressure plasmas (APPs) as radiation sources have exhibited impressive capabilities in trace heavy metal analysis. As the core of the analytical system, APPs sources possess unique properties such as compact size, light weight, low energy requirement, ease of fabrication, and relatively low manufacturing cost. This critical review focuses on recent progress of APP-based OES systems employed for the determination of heavy metals. Influences of technical details including the sample introduction manner, the sampling volume, the sample flow rate, the pH of the solutions on the plasma stability and the intensity of analytical signals are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the analytical challenges faced by these techniques and highlights the opportunities for further development in the field of heavy metal detection.

Minimally destructive laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of brass assisted by a low-power atmospheric pressure plasma jet

Minimizing sample damage is crucial in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for applications involving valuable samples and elemental mapping. In this study, we introduced a low-power atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) to reduce sample damage by obtaining LIBS signals at significantly lower laser fluences. The proposed technique, APPJ-assisted LIBS (APPJ-LIBS), utilized an argon APPJ to provide seed electrons and enhance the excitation. The APPJ was generated by a 10 kHz alternating current power supply and made contact with the surface of a brass sample at a 30° angle. An infrared nanosecond Nd:YAG laser was focused onto the contacting zone, allowing the resulting laser-induced plasma to evolve within the surrounding APPJ and produce optical emission. The optimized APPJ-LIBS system reduced the laser fluence threshold for spectral detection of the brass sample by 97 %, from 1.43 J/cm2 to 0.05 J/cm2, which represented the lowest laser fluence threshold reported in LIBS studies on copper-based materials. Micrographs of the sample surface showed no visible damage after the APPJ-LIBS measurement at a near-threshold laser fluence and an APPJ input power as low as 6.0 W. Furthermore, gated images showed the plasma evolution in APPJ-LIBS and confirmed the excitation capability of the APPJ for the laser-ablated materials.

Quantification of lithium in molten chlorides by optical emission spectrometry using a novel molten-salt-electrode microplasma source

A new molten-salt-electrode microplasma (MSEMP) source for optical emission spectrometry (OES) was constructed, equipped with a molten salt electrode and a metal hollow tube (fed with helium) counter electrode. The use of the MSEMP-OES for constituent analysis of molten salt was primarily evaluated. The acquirement of characteristic spectral lines of some elements in several molten chloride samples verified the good qualitative ability of the proposed MSEMP-OES. Solid copper was dissolved via charge transfer and excited in glow discharge, indicating its potential application in solid sample analysis. The temperature and composition of molten salt were found to have no influence on the lithium response and the accurate quantification of lithium in molten salt was achieved. This work provides new insights for promoting the application of microplasma technology in the in-situ analysis of elements, even in special samples.

High-Performance Au@Ag Nanorods Substrate for SERS Detection of Malachite Green in Aquatic Products

In order to improve the detection performance of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), a low-cost Au@Ag nanorods (Au@Ag NRs) substrate with a good SERS enhancement effect was developed and applied to the detection of malachite green (MG) in aquaculture water and crayfish. By comparing the SERS signal enhancement effect of five kinds of Au@Ag NRs substrates with different silver layer thickness on 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) solution, it was found that the substrate prepared with 100 µL AgNO3 had the smallest aspect ratio (3.27) and the thickest Ag layer (4.1 nm). However, it showed a good signal enhancement effect, and achieved a detection of 4-MBA as low as 1 × 10-11 M, which was 8.7 times higher than that of the AuNRs substrate. In addition, the Au@Ag NRs substrate developed in this study was used for SRES detection of MG in crayfish; its detection limit was 1.58 × 10-9 M. The developed Au@Ag NRs sensor had the advantages of stable SERS signal, uniform size and low cost, which provided a new tool for SERS signal enhancement and highly sensitive SERS detection method development.

Direct Ultratrace Detection of Lead in a Single Hair Using Portable Electromagnetic Heating Vaporization-Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge-Atomic Emission Spectrometry

In this paper, the first demonstration of direct ultratrace determination of lead in a single human hair by direct current-atmospheric pressure glow discharge-atomic emission spectrometry (DC-APGD-AES) coupled with electromagnetic heating vaporization (EMV) was described. Only the ultramicro mass of a human hair sample (about 0.15 mg, often a single human hair) was required during the analysis, and fast detection was implemented without tedious pretreatment processes, such as grinding and digestion. A limit of detection (LOD) of 30.8 μg kg^-1 (4.8 pg) for Pb was obtained under optimized conditions, which was even equivalent to that of conventional LA-ICP-MS/ETV-ICP-MS/GFAAS. EMV-APGD-AES, meanwhile, can facilitate miniaturization and portability with low power and small size. The accuracy and practicality of the method were verified by the analysis of certified reference materials (CRMs) GBW09101b (human hair) and human hair samples from three volunteers. A simple, efficient, and low-cost method for detecting Pb in human hair has been developed.