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Kozłowska K, Cieślik M, Koterwa A, Formela K, Ryl J, Niedziałkowski P. Microwave-Induced Processing of Free-Standing 3D Printouts: An Effortless Route to High-Redox Kinetics in Electroanalysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2833. [PMID: 38930201 PMCID: PMC11204644 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
3D-printable composites have become an attractive option used for the design and manufacture of electrochemical sensors. However, to ensure proper charge-transfer kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interface, activation is often required, with this step consisting of polymer removal to reveal the conductive nanofiller. In this work, we present a novel effective method for the activation of composites consisting of poly(lactic acid) filled with carbon black (CB-PLA) using microwave radiation. A microwave synthesizer used in chemical laboratories (CEM, Matthews, NC, USA) was used for this purpose, establishing that the appropriate activation time for CB-PLA electrodes is 15 min at 70 °C with a microwave power of 100 W. However, the usefulness of an 80 W kitchen microwave oven is also presented for the first time and discussed as a more sustainable approach to CB-PLA electrode activation. It has been established that 10 min in a kitchen microwave oven is adequate to activate the electrode. The electrochemical properties of the microwave-activated electrodes were determined by electrochemical techniques, and their topography was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and contact-angle measurements. This study confirms that during microwave activation, PLAs decompose to uncover the conductive carbon-black filler. We deliver a proof-of-concept of the utility of kitchen microwave-oven activation of a 3D-printed, free-standing electrochemical cell (FSEC) in paracetamol electroanalysis in aqueous electrolyte solution. We established satisfactory limits of linearity for paracetamol detection using voltammetry, ranging from 1.9 μM to 1 mM, with a detection limit (LOD) of 1.31 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Kozłowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Mateusz Cieślik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adrian Koterwa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Niedziałkowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
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2
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Stefano JS, Silva LRGE, Janegitz BC. New carbon black-based conductive filaments for the additive manufacture of improved electrochemical sensors by fused deposition modeling. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:414. [PMID: 36217039 PMCID: PMC9550156 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a homemade carbon black composite filament with polylactic acid (CB-PLA) is reported. Optimized filaments containing 28.5% wt. of carbon black were obtained and employed in the 3D printing of improved electrochemical sensors by fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The fabricated filaments were used to construct a simple electrochemical system, which was explored for detecting catechol and hydroquinone in water samples and detecting hydrogen peroxide in milk. The determination of catechol and hydroquinone was successfully performed by differential pulse voltammetry, presenting LOD values of 0.02 and 0.22 µmol L−1, respectively, and recovery values ranging from 91.1 to 112% in tap water. Furthermore, the modification of CB-PLA electrodes with Prussian blue allowed the non-enzymatic amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide at 0.0 V (vs. carbon black reference electrode) in milk samples, with a linear range between 5.0 and 350.0 mol L−1 and low limit of detection (1.03 µmol L−1). Thus, CB-PLA can be successfully applied as additively manufactured electrochemical sensors, and the easy filament manufacturing process allows for its exploration in a diversity of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Santos Stefano
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, São Paulo, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Guterres E Silva
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, São Paulo, 13600-970, Brazil.,Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, São Paulo, 13600-970, Brazil.
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3
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Sensing performances of spinel ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Mg, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu and Zn) based electrochemical sensors: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1233:340362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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dos Santos DM, Cardoso RM, Migliorini FL, Facure MH, Mercante LA, Mattoso LH, Correa DS. Advances in 3D printed sensors for food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Matias TA, de Faria LV, Rocha RG, Silva MNT, Nossol E, Richter EM, Muñoz RAA. Prussian blue-modified laser-induced graphene platforms for detection of hydrogen peroxide. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:188. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Stefano JS, Kalinke C, da Rocha RG, Rocha DP, da Silva VAOP, Bonacin JA, Angnes L, Richter EM, Janegitz BC, Muñoz RAA. Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Enabled by Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing: A Guide to Selecting Designs, Printing Parameters, and Post-Treatment Protocols. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6417-6429. [PMID: 35348329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing (or additive manufacturing, AM) technology is capable to provide a quick and easy production of objects with freedom of design, reducing waste generation. Among the AM techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been highlighted due to its affordability, scalability, and possibility of processing an extensive range of materials (thermoplastics, composites, biobased materials, etc.). The possibility of obtaining electrochemical cells, arrays, pieces, and more recently, electrodes, exactly according to the demand, in varied shapes and sizes, and employing the desired materials has made from 3D printing technology an indispensable tool in electroanalysis. In this regard, the obtention of an FDM 3D printer has great advantages for electroanalytical laboratories, and its use is relatively simple. Some care has to be taken to aid the user to take advantage of the great potential of this technology, avoiding problems such as solution leakages, very common in 3D printed cells, providing well-sealed objects, with high quality. In this sense, herein, we present a complete protocol regarding the use of FDM 3D printers for the fabrication of complete electrochemical systems, including (bio)sensors, and how to improve the quality of the obtained systems. A guide from the initial printing stages, regarding the design and structure obtention, to the final application, including the improvement of obtained 3D printed electrodes for different purposes, is provided here. Thus, this protocol can provide great perspectives and alternatives for 3D printing in electroanalysis and aid the user to understand and solve several problems with the use of this technology in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Santos Stefano
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Gomes da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Pessoa Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Paraná, 85200-000, Pitanga, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mathias Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
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Motshakeri M, Sharma M, Phillips ARJ, Kilmartin PA. Electrochemical Methods for the Analysis of Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2427-2449. [PMID: 35188762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The milk and dairy industries are some of the most profitable sectors in many countries. This business requires close control of product quality and continuous testing to ensure the safety of the consumers. The potential risk of contaminants or degradation products and undesirable chemicals necessitates the use of fast, reliable detection tools to make immediate production decisions. This review covers studies on the application of electrochemical methods to milk (i.e., voltammetric and amperometric) to quantify different analytes, as reported over the last 10 to 15 years. The review covers a wide range of analytes, including allergens, antioxidants, organic compounds, nitrogen- and aldehyde containing compounds, biochemicals, heavy metals, hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and endocrine disruptors. The review also examines pretreatment procedures applied to milk samples and the use of novel sensor materials. Final perspectives are provided on the future of cost-effective and easy-to-use electrochemical sensors and their advantages over conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Motshakeri
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Manisha Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul A Kilmartin
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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8
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Kalinke C, de Oliveira PR, Neumsteir NV, Henriques BF, de Oliveira Aparecido G, Loureiro HC, Janegitz BC, Bonacin JA. Influence of filament aging and conductive additive in 3D printed sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1191:339228. [PMID: 35033250 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3D printing technology combined with electrochemical techniques have allowed the development of versatile and low-cost devices. However, some aspects need to be considered for the good quality and useful life of the sensors. In this work, we have demonstrated herein that the filament aging, the conductive material, and the activation processes (post-treatments) can influence the surface characteristics and the electrochemical performance of the 3D printed sensors. Commercial filaments and 3D printed sensors were morphologically, thermally, and electrochemically analyzed. The activated graphene-based (Black Magic®) sensor showed the best electrochemical response, compared to the carbon black-filament (Proto-Pasta®). In addition, we have proven that filament aging harms the performance of the sensors since the electrodes produced with three years old filament had a considerably lower intra-days reproducibility. Finally, the activated graphene-based sensor has shown the best performance for the electrochemical detection of bisphenol A, demonstrating the importance of evaluating and control the characteristics and quality of filaments to improve the mechanical, conductive, and electrochemical performance of 3D printed sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Nature Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Brunna Ferri Henriques
- Department of Nature Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Campos Loureiro
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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Lv J, Fan M, Zhang L, Zhou Q, Wang L, Chang Z, Chong R. Photoelectrochemical sensing and mechanism investigation of hydrogen peroxide using a pristine hematite nanoarrays. Talanta 2022; 237:122894. [PMID: 34736710 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a facile hydrothermal combined with subsequent two-step post-calcination method was used to fabricate hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoarrays on fluorine-doped SnO2 glass (FTO). The morphology, crystalline phase, optical property and surface chemical states of the fabricated α-Fe2O3 photoelectrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy correspondingly. The α-Fe2O3 photoelectrode exhibits excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) response toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in aqueous solutions, with a low detection limit of 20 μM (S/N = 3) and wide linear range (0.01-0.09, 0.3-4, and 6-16 mM). Additionally, the α-Fe2O3 photoelectrode shows satisfying reproducibility, stability, selectivity and good feasibility for real samples. Mechanism analysis indicates, comparing with H2O, H2O2 possesses much more fast reaction kinetics over α-Fe2O3 surface, thus the recombination of photogenerated charges are reduced, followed by much more photogenerated electrons are migrated to the counter electrode via external circuit. The insight on the enhanced photocurrent, which is corelative to the concentration of H2O2 in aqueous solution, will stimulate us to further optimize the surface structure of α-Fe2O3 to gain highly efficient α-Fe2O3 based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lv
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Li Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhixian Chang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Ruifeng Chong
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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10
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Banavath R, Srivastava R, Bhargava P. EDTA derived graphene supported porous cobalt hexacyanoferrate nanospheres as a highly electroactive nanocomposite for hydrogen peroxide sensing. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Developed a highly electroactive graphene and porous cobalt hexacyanoferrate nanosphere (Gr/P-CoHCF-NSPs) composite for H2O2 sensing by using EDTA chelation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Banavath
- Particulate Materials Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering & Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Nano bios Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Parag Bhargava
- Particulate Materials Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering & Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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11
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Abdalla A, Jones W, Flint MS, Patel BA. Bicomponent composite electrochemical sensors for sustained monitoring of hydrogen peroxide in breast cancer cells. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Roberto de Oliveira P, Kalinke C, Alves Bonacin J, Malaspina O, Cornélio Ferreira Nocelli R, Campos Janegitz B. Propolis green biofilm for the immobilization of carbon nanotubes and metallic ions: Development of redox catalysts. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Esmail Tehrani S, Quang Nguyen L, Garelli G, Jensen BM, Ruzgas T, Emnéus J, Sylvest Keller S. Hydrogen Peroxide Detection Using Prussian Blue‐modified 3D Pyrolytic Carbon Microelectrodes. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheida Esmail Tehrani
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab) Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads, Building 347 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Long Quang Nguyen
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab) Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads, Building 347 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Giulia Garelli
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab) Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads, Building 347 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Bettina M. Jensen
- Allergy Clinic Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev-Gentofte Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Tautgirdas Ruzgas
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Department of Biomedical Science Malmö University Per Albin Hanssons väg 35, Forskaren Building 21432 Malmö Sweden
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering) Technical University of Denmark Produktionstorvet, Building 423 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Stephan Sylvest Keller
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab) Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads, Building 347 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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Rocha DP, Rocha RG, Castro SVF, Trindade MAG, Munoz RAA, Richter EM, Angnes L. Posttreatment of 3D‐printed surfaces for electrochemical applications: A critical review on proposed protocols. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego P. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | | | - Magno A. G. Trindade
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados Brazil
- UNESP Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‐DATREM) National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection Institute of Chemistry Araraquara Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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15
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Silva AL, Salvador GMDS, Castro SVF, Carvalho NMF, Munoz RAA. A 3D Printer Guide for the Development and Application of Electrochemical Cells and Devices. Front Chem 2021; 9:684256. [PMID: 34277568 PMCID: PMC8283263 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.684256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing is a type of additive manufacturing (AM), a technology that is on the rise and works by building parts in three dimensions by the deposit of raw material layer upon layer. In this review, we explore the use of 3D printers to prototype electrochemical cells and devices for various applications within chemistry. Recent publications reporting the use of Fused Deposition Modelling (fused deposition modeling®) technique will be mostly covered, besides papers about the application of other different types of 3D printing, highlighting the advances in the technology for promising applications in the near future. Different from the previous reviews in the area that focused on 3D printing for electrochemical applications, this review also aims to disseminate the benefits of using 3D printers for research at different levels as well as to guide researchers who want to start using this technology in their research laboratories. Moreover, we show the different designs already explored by different research groups illustrating the myriad of possibilities enabled by 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Silva
- Grupo de Catálise Ambiental e Sustentabilidade Energética, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Maia da Silva Salvador
- Grupo de Catálise Ambiental e Sustentabilidade Energética, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sílvia V F Castro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Eletroanalítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Nakédia M F Carvalho
- Grupo de Catálise Ambiental e Sustentabilidade Energética, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Munoz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Eletroanalítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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16
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How normalisation factors influence the interpretations of 3D-printed sensors for electroanalysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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3D printing pen using conductive filaments to fabricate affordable electrochemical sensors for trace metal monitoring. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Cardoso RM, Rocha DP, Rocha RG, Stefano JS, Silva RAB, Richter EM, Muñoz RAA. 3D-printing pen versus desktop 3D-printers: Fabrication of carbon black/polylactic acid electrodes for single-drop detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1132:10-19. [PMID: 32980099 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of carbon black/polylactic acid (PLA) electrodes using a 3D printing pen is presented and compared with electrodes obtained by a desktop fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer. The 3D pen was used for the fast production of electrodes in two designs using customized 3D printed parts to act as template and guide the reproducible application of the 3D pen: (i) a single working electrode at the bottom of a 3D-printed cylindrical body and (ii) a three-electrode system on a 3D-printed planar substrate. Both devices were electrochemically characterized using the redox probe [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- via cyclic voltammetry, which presented similar performance to an FDM 3D-printed electrode or a commercial screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) regarding peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp) and current density. The surface treatment of the carbon black/PLA electrodes fabricated by both 3D pen and FDM 3D-printing procedures provided substantial improvement of the electrochemical activity by removing excess of PLA, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopic images for electrodes fabricated by both procedures. Structural defects were not inserted after the electrochemical treatment as shown by Raman spectra (iD/iG), which indicates that the use of 3D pen can replace desktop 3D printers for electrode fabrication. Inter-electrode precision for the best device fabricated using the 3D pen (three-electrode system) was 4% (n = 5) considering current density and anodic peak potential for the redox probe. This device was applied for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) via square-wave voltammetry of a single-drop of 100 μL placed upon the thee-electrode system, resulting in three reduction peaks commonly verified for TNT on carbon electrodes. Limit of detection of 1.5 μmol L-1, linear range from 5 to 500 μmol L-1 and RSD lower than 4% for 10 repetitive measurements of 100 μmol L-1 TNT were obtained. The proposed devices can be reused after polishing on sandpaper generating new electrode surfaces, which is an extra advantage over chemically-modified electrochemical sensors applied for TNT detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Cardoso
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego P Rocha
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel G Rocha
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S Stefano
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A B Silva
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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