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Hemmati J, Chiani M, Asghari B, Roshanaei G, Soleimani Asl S, Shafiei M, Arabestani MR. Antibacterial and antibiofilm potentials of vancomycin-loaded niosomal drug delivery system against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:47. [PMID: 38978013 PMCID: PMC11229259 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The threat of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing worldwide, making it significantly necessary to discover a novel way of dealing with related infections. The quick spread of MRSA isolates among infected individuals has heightened public health concerns and significantly limited treatment options. Vancomycin (VAN) can be applied to treat severe MRSA infections, and the indiscriminate administration of this antimicrobial agent has caused several concerns in medical settings. Owing to several advantageous characteristics, a niosomal drug delivery system may increase the potential of loaded antimicrobial agents. This work aims to examine the antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of VAN-niosome against MRSA clinical isolates with emphasis on cytotoxicity and stability studies. Furthermore, we aim to suggest an effective approach against MRSA infections by investigating the inhibitory effect of formulated niosome on the expression of the biofilm-associated gene (icaR). The thin-film hydration approach was used to prepare the niosome (Tween 60, Span 60, and cholesterol), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), an in vitro drug release, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and entrapment efficiency (EE%) were used to investigate the physicochemical properties. The physical stability of VAN-niosome, including hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index (PDI), and EE%, was analyzed for a 30-day storage time at 4 °C and 25 °C. In addition, the human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell line was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of synthesized niosome. Moreover, minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MICs/MBCs) were applied to assess the antibacterial properties of niosomal VAN formulation. Also, the antibiofilm potential of VAN-niosome was investigated by microtiter plate (MTP) and real-time PCR methods. The FE-SEM result revealed that synthesized VAN-niosome had a spherical morphology. The hydrodynamic size and PDI of VAN-niosome reported by the DLS method were 201.2 nm and 0.301, respectively. Also, the surface zeta charge of the prepared niosome was - 35.4 mV, and the EE% ranged between 58.9 and 62.5%. Moreover, in vitro release study revealed a sustained-release profile for synthesized niosomal formulation. Our study showed that VAN-niosome had acceptable stability during a 30-day storage time. Additionally, the VAN-niosome had stronger antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against MRSA clinical isolates compared with free VAN. In conclusion, the result of our study demonstrated that niosomal VAN could be promising as a successful drug delivery system due to sustained drug release, negligible toxicity, and high encapsulation capacity. Also, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm studies showed the high capacity of VAN-niosome against MRSA clinical isolates. Furthermore, the results of real-time PCR exhibited that VAN-niosome could be proposed as a powerful strategy against MRSA biofilm via down-regulation of icaR gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Hemmati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Chiani
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Roshanaei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Morvarid Shafiei
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Yang C, Zhang H. A review on machine learning-powered fluorescent and colorimetric sensor arrays for bacteria identification. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:451. [PMID: 37880465 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors have been widely used for bacteria determination with great success. However, the "lock-and-key" methodology used by biosensors to identify bacteria has a significant limitation: it can only detect one species of bacteria. In recent years, optical (fluorescent and colorimetric) sensor arrays are gradually gaining attention from researchers as a new type of biosensor. They can acquire multiple features of a target simultaneously, form a feature pattern, and determine the bacteria species with the help of pattern recognition/machine learning algorithms. Previous reviews in this area have focused on the interaction between the sensor array and bacteria or the materials used to make the sensors. This review, on the other hand, will provide researchers with a better understanding of the field by discussing fluorescent and colorimetric sensor arrays based on the mechanism of optical signal generation. These sensor arrays will be compared based on the identified species. Finally, we will discuss the limitations of these sensor arrays and explore possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmao Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Houjin Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Celik C, Kalin G, Cetinkaya Z, Ildiz N, Ocsoy I. Recent Advances in Colorimetric Tests for the Detection of Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2427. [PMID: 37510171 PMCID: PMC10377832 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of infection-causing microorganisms with sensitive, rapid, selective and economical diagnostic tests is critical to start the right treatment. With these tests, the spread of infections can be prevented. In addition to that, the detection of antimicrobial resistance also makes a significant contribution to public health. In recent years, different types of diagnostic tests have been developed as alternatives to traditional diagnostic tests used in clinics. In particular, colorimetric tests, which minimize the need for an instrument, have advantages owing to their cost effectiveness, rapid response and naked-eye detection and practical use. In this review, we especially focused on pH indicators and nanomaterial-based colorimetric tests in detection of infection-causing microorganisms and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Celik
- Pharmacy Services Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Hitit University, Corum 19000, Turkey
| | - Gamze Kalin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | | | - Nilay Ildiz
- Medical Imaging Department, Vocational School of Health Services, Bandırma Onyedi Eylul University, Bandirma 10200, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ocsoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
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Sezgin GC, Ocsoy I. Anthocyanin-rich black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) extracts incorporated biosensor for colorimetric detection of Helicobacter pylori with color image processing. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:897-905. [PMID: 37155087 PMCID: PMC10235353 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we developed novel colorimetric biosensors consisting of anthocyanin-rich either black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) or red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) extracts for rapid, sensitive, and economic detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). We comparatively prepared two test solutions as biosensors including anthocyanin-rich black carrot extract (Anth@BCE) and red cabbage extract (Anth@RCE), both of which fixed to pH 2.5 and investigated their colorimetric responses based on electronic structure and electron density of anthocyanins. We successfully used anthocyanin-rich BCE and RCE as natural pH indicators in detection of H. pylori and introduced their advantages like non-toxicity, easy accessibility, and high stability compared to synthetic indicators. The BCE and RCE tests gave the best color change in the presence of 103 CFU/mL (at 60 min) and 104 CFU/mL (at 75 min) H. pylori suspensions prepared in an artificial gastric fluid. The limit of detection was down to 10 CFU/mL for RCE and BCE tests by increasing incubation time (≥ 5 h). We further made an additional study that color differences in the colorimetric responses observed by naked eyes were supported by digital image processing with RGB (Red Green Blue) and Delta-E (ΔE) analysis. It is confirmed that results evaluated by naked eyes and digital image processing are well consistent with each other. These findings proposed that these colorimetric tests can be implemented to pH dependent detection of various microorganisms and can be effectively transferred from laboratory work to clinics in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulten Can Sezgin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Facultyof Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ocsoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey.
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Red cabbage extract-mediated colorimetric sensor for swift, sensitive and economic detection of urease-positive bacteria by naked eye and Smartphone platform. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2056. [PMID: 36739311 PMCID: PMC9899230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogens have caused various serious infectious diseases in the human body, and even some threats to human life by leading to deaths. Enterobacteriaceae species especially urease positive ones, Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), show resistance to antibiotics and cause respiratory and urinary tract infections. We have developed natural indicator-incorporated colorimetric urease tests with a naked eye and smartphone readout to rapidly, sensitively and economically detect P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae. We utilized anthocyanin found as a predominant component in red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) extract as a natural pH indicator instead of toxic and synthetic indicators. As a mechanistic explanation for the detection of P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae, urease enzymes secreted from the P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae hydrolyze urea to produce ammonia (NH3), which increases the pH value of the reaction environment and leads to deprotonation from anthocyanins. The changes in the molecular structure and electronic structure of anthocyanins are responsible for revealing many different colors. We demonstrated how some reaction parameters including the concentration of the bacteria (colony-forming unit, CFU), the concentration of anthocyanin in the tests, initial color and pH values (pHs) of the tests influence their detection performance. We further developed a 3D-printed smartphone platform with smartphone based digital image processing software to improve the detection limit and shorten the detection time. We claim that natural indicator-incorporated rapid urease tests providing colorimetric readout evaluated by the human eye and smartphone imaging processing has great potential in practical use and they can be implemented in clinics.
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Fei Y, Fang R, Xiao L, Zhang Y, Fan K, Jiang Y, Lei S, Xu R, Yang D, Ye Y, Xiang S, Wang P, Zhou C, Tang T. The development of a colorimetric biosensing assay for the detection of Helicobacter pylori in feces. Anal Biochem 2022; 651:114737. [PMID: 35595119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
As Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is closely related to the occurrence of gastric diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer, early detection of H. pylori is an urgent need. In this study, oligonucleotide probes conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used in combination with H. pylori-specific aptamers for the rapid detection of H. pylori in stool samples, which converted the method of detection from proteins to nucleic acids. Therefore, qualitative detection of H. pylori can be achieved by observing color changes through the aggregation (red to purple) or deaggregation (purple to red) of AuNPs, and further quantitative detection can be achieved through UV spectrometry. The detection limit of the colorimetric biosensing method is 25 CFU/mL (S/N = 3), which is favorably comparable to other reported detection methods. Compared with the existing detection methods for H. pylori, this colorimetric biosensing method has no limitations to the test subjects. All these features render the colorimetric biosensing assay a promising method for the clinical field detection of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fei
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Rong Fang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lina Xiao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ke Fan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yundi Jiang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Silu Lei
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Rui Xu
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dailan Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yan Ye
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shibing Xiang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chen Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Tian Tang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
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Amara AAAF. Natural Polymer Types and Applications. BIOMOLECULES FROM NATURAL SOURCES 2022:31-81. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119769620.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Wang Z, Liu J, Chen G, Feng X, Deng M, Mu D, Xu Q, Xu H. An integrated system using phenylboronic acid functionalized magnetic beads and colorimetric detection for Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang X, Zhang W, Wang S, Liu W, Liu N, Zhang D. A visual cardiovascular biomarker detection strategy based on distance as readout by the coffee-ring effect on microfluidic paper. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Lin Y, Sun J, Tang M, Zhang G, Yu L, Zhao X, Ai R, Yu H, Shao B, He Y. Synergistic Recognition-Triggered Charge Transfer Enables Rapid Visual Colorimetric Detection of Fentanyl. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6544-6550. [PMID: 33855847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As a new psychoactive substance, abuse of fentanyl (FTN) is currently spreading around the world, resulting in an urgent need of on-site and rapid analytical methods for detection of FTN. Here, we present a synergistic recognition strategy for rapid, cost-effective, selective, sensitive, and visual colorimetric detection of FTN by taking advantage of Rose Bengal (RB) as the specific probe. This assay is based on the halogen- and hydrogen-bonding interactions between them, generating a charge transfer and accompanying a red shift in the RB absorption band as well as color change from red to purple. The utility of the present visual colorimetric assay is demonstrated in aqueous solution, diluted urine, and domestic sewage samples. A detection limit of 0.7 mg·L-1 in aqueous solution is achieved, and the naked-eye detection of FTN is also realized in different real matrices within 6 min. Moreover, this method is insusceptible to interference from various substances (other opioids, cutting agents of street drugs, FTN precursors, amino acids, and small-molecular amines). Additionally, we successfully fabricate a smartphone-based portable device to determine FTN, which is appropriate for field tests. The present work not only provides the first visual assay for FTN but also reveals the molecular structure-property relationship, which will guide the design and development of various probes for recognizing FTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Jiefang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Mei Tang
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Guihua Zhang
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yu
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Zhao
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Rui Ai
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Haili Yu
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Yi He
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
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Celik C, Can Sezgin G, Kocabas UG, Gursoy S, Ildiz N, Tan W, Ocsoy I. Novel Anthocyanin-Based Colorimetric Assay for the Rapid, Sensitive, and Quantitative Detection of Helicobacter pylori. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6246-6253. [PMID: 33825433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several different diagnostic tests have been reported for rapid, sensitive, and economical detection of bacterial pathogens, but most lack widespread and practical use in the clinic. In this study, we used anthocyanins from red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) as a natural pH indicator and, for the first time, incorporated this agent into a simple, rapid, and economical colorimetric strategy for the detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) (RCE@test). We prepared two sets of RCE@test solutions (test 1 is purple, and test 2 is blue) in different forms, including liquid, adsorbed filter paper, and agar, and investigated the performance of each RCE@test as a function of the test volume, H. pylori concentration, and reaction time. To elucidate the effect of the pathophysiological environment on these RCE@tests, H. pylori in an artificial gastric fluid was also detected. The 10 and 1 CFU/mL H. pylori suspensions were detected in 15 min and 3 h, respectively, and the limit of detection was determined down to 1 CFU/mL. We experimentally demonstrated the advantages of the RCE@test for detection of H. pylori by comparing it to a commercially available rapid urease test, the "CLO test (Campylobacter-like organism test)". In addition to colorimetric detection by the naked eyes, RGB (Red Green Blue) and Delta-E analysis in image-processing software was run to quantitatively monitor changes of color in the RCE@test using a smartphone application. Finally, we propose that this test provides simple, effective, rapid, and inexpensive detection and that it can be easily implemented for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Celik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.,Pharmacy Services Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Hitit University, Corum 19000, Turkey
| | - Gulten Can Sezgin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Umut Gorkem Kocabas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Sebnem Gursoy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Nilay Ildiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Weihong Tan
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Ismail Ocsoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
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