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Song D, Su Q, Jia A, Fu S, Ma X, Li T, Man C, Yang X, Jiang Y. A Method to Directly Identify Cronobacter sakazakii in Liquid Medium by MALDI-TOF MS. Foods 2023; 12:foods12101981. [PMID: 37238798 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been widely used as an emerging technology for the rapid identification of microorganisms. Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a food-borne pathogen of particular importance to the powdered infant formula (PIF) processing environment due to its high lethality in infants. However, the traditional solid spotting detection method of pretreating samples for MALDI-TOF MS leads only to qualitative detection of C. sakazakii. We developed a new, low-cost, robust liquid spotting pretreatment method and used a response surface methodology to optimize its parameters. The applicability, accuracy, and quantitative potential were measured for different types of samples. The optimal parameters of this method were as follows: a volume of 70% formic acid of 25 μL, treatment with ultrasound at 350 W for 3 min, and a volume of acetonitrile added of 75 μL. These conditions led to the highest identification score for C. sakazakii (1926.42 ± 48.497). This method was found to detect bacteria accurately and reproducibly. When 70 strains of C. sakazakii isolates were analyzed with this method, the identification accuracy was 100%. The detection limit of C. sakazakii in environmental and PIF samples was 4.1 × 101 cfu/mL and 2.72 × 103 cfu/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danliangmin Song
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Qunchao Su
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Ai Jia
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Shiqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
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Rapid Pathogen Identification in Aqueous Humor Samples by Combining Fc-MBL@Fe 3O 4 Enrichment and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Profiling. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0176722. [PMID: 36346251 PMCID: PMC9769506 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01767-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt clinical diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy are key to managing infective endophthalmitis. The small volume of aqueous humor, low bacterial counts, and empirical medication by physicians make existing diagnostic methods time-consuming and imprecise. Here, we investigated the feasibility of combining Fc-containing mannose-binding lectin-coated Fe3O4 (Fc-MBL@Fe3O4) enrichment with matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) profiling to identify pathogens in aqueous humor. Aqueous humor aspirated from freshly enucleated porcine eyes was treated with different inocula of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. We performed identification directly in aqueous humor samples and after short-term culture of micro-LB broth. Aqueous humor endophthalmitis samples were enriched with Fc-MBL@Fe3O4 and analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS. The identification time and minimum bacterial concentration required for identification were determined. The enrichment efficiency of Fc-MBL@Fe3O4 for different bacteria was greater than (87.5 ± 5.0)%. The objects of direct identification include live bacteria and bacteria treated with antibiotics, which can be completed within 1.5 h. The minimum number of bacteria needed for positive identification was 2.20 × 106 CFU. For micro-LB broth culture, the identification of bacteria can be completed within 6.5 to 9.5 h for aqueous humor samples with an initial bacterial count of tens to hundreds. IMPORTANCE Fc-MBL@Fe3O4 capture not only live bacteria in aqueous humor but also bacteria inactivated by antibiotics. Fc-MBL@Fe3O4 combined with micro-LB broth culture significantly reduced the turnaround time (TAT) by more than half a day by shortening the time required for bacterial identification. Our findings demonstrate that combining Fc-MBL@Fe3O4 enrichment with MALDI-TOF MS identification is a fast, sensitive, and efficient analytical method with great potential for identifying pathogens in aqueous humor samples.
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Recent Studies on Advance Spectroscopic Techniques for the Identification of Microorganisms: A Review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Kite KA, Loomba S, Elliott TJ, Yongblah F, Lightbown SL, Doyle TJ, Gates L, Alber D, Downey GA, McCurdy MT, Hill JA, Super M, Ingber DE, Klein N, Cloutman-Green E. FcMBL magnetic bead-based MALDI-TOF MS rapidly identifies paediatric blood stream infections from positive blood cultures. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276777. [PMID: 36413530 PMCID: PMC9681079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of potentially life-threatening blood stream infections (BSI) improves clinical outcomes, yet conventional blood culture (BC) identification methods require ~24-72 hours of liquid culture, plus 24-48 hours to generate single colonies on solid media suitable for identification by mass spectrometry (MS). Newer rapid centrifugation techniques, such as the Bruker MBT-Sepsityper® IVD, replace culturing on solid media and expedite the diagnosis of BCs but frequently demonstrate reduced sensitivity for identifying clinically significant Gram-positive bacterial or fungal infections. This study introduces a protocol that utilises the broad-range binding properties of an engineered version of mannose-binding lectin linked to the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (FcMBL) to capture and enrich pathogens combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS for enhanced infection identification in BCs. The FcMBL method identified 94.1% (64 of 68) of clinical BCs processed, with a high sensitivity for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (94.7 and 93.2%, respectively). The FcMBL method identified more patient positive BCs than the Sepsityper® (25 of 25 vs 17 of 25), notably with 100% (3/3) sensitivity for clinical candidemia, compared to only 33% (1/3) for the Sepsityper®. Additionally, during inoculation experiments, the FcMBL method demonstrated a greater sensitivity, identifying 100% (24/24) of candida to genus level and 9/24 (37.5%) top species level compared to 70.8% (17/24) to genus and 6/24 to species (25%) using the Sepsityper®. This study demonstrates that capture and enrichment of samples using magnetic FcMBL-conjugated beads is superior to rapid centrifugation methods for identification of BCs by MALDI-TOF MS. Deploying the FcMBL method therefore offers potential clinical benefits in sensitivity and reduced turnaround times for BC diagnosis compared to the standard Sepsityper® kit, especially for fungal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Anne Kite
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sahil Loomba
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Elliott
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shanda L. Lightbown
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Doyle
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lily Gates
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Alber
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - James A. Hill
- BOA Biomedical Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael Super
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nigel Klein
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Cloutman-Green
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Xiao F, Li W, Xu H. Advances in magnetic nanoparticles for the separation of foodborne pathogens: Recognition, separation strategy, and application. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4478-4504. [PMID: 36037285 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens contamination is one of the main sources of food safety problems. Although the existing detection methods have been developed for a long time, the complexity of food samples is still the main factor affecting the detection time and sensitivity, and the rapid separation and enrichment of pathogens is still an objective to be studied. Magnetic separation strategy based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is considered to be an effective tool for rapid separation and enrichment of foodborne pathogens in food. Therefore, this study comprehensively reviews the development of MNPs in the separation of foodborne pathogens over the past decade. First, various biorecognition reagents for identification of foodborne pathogens and their modifications on the surface of MNPs are introduced. Then, the factors affecting the separation of foodborne pathogens, including the size of MNPs, modification methods, separation strategies and separation forms are discussed. Finally, the application of MNPs in integrated detection methods is reviewed. Moreover, current challenges and prospects of MNPs for the analysis of foodborne pathogens are discussed. Further research should focus on the design of multifunctional MNPs, the processing of large-scale samples, the simultaneous analysis of multiple targets, and the development of all-in-one small analytical device with separation and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
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Wang Z, Liu J, Chen G, Feng X, Deng M, Mu D, Xu Q, Xu H. An integrated system using phenylboronic acid functionalized magnetic beads and colorimetric detection for Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chai Z, Bi H. Capture and identification of bacteria from fish muscle based on immunomagnetic beads and MALDI-TOF MS. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100225. [PMID: 35498980 PMCID: PMC9039919 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the bacterial analysis in fish muscle was developed. Anti-bacterial antibodies modified magnetic beads (MBs) were used to capture bacteria. The bacterial identification accuracy from different complex food matrices was good. The presence of 10 CFU/mL E. coli is still detectable. It is promising to be applied in bacterial analysis to ensure muscle food safety.
In the present study, E. coli was taken as a model bacterium, anti-E. coli functionalized magnetic beads were constructed and used to capture E. coli from aqueous extracts of fish sarcoplasmic protein (FSP) and fish muscle protein of sablefish. The excellency of the reproducibility of the present protocol was demonstrated by capturing E. coli from sablefish FSP extracts. The presence of 10 CFU/mL E. coli is still detectable. A microbial safety test on the surface of fish muscle was successfully performed. The bacterial identification accuracy from samples with different matrices was found to be excellent with RSD = 3%. High specific detection of target bacteria in complex biological samples was testified by spiking Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae in samples as interference. Ten biomarker ions were discovered for E. coli’s recognition. It is promising to apply the present protocol in bacterial analysis in muscle food samples to ensure their safety.
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Cheng W, Shi H, Teng M, Yu M, Feng B, Ding C, Yu S, Yang F. Rapid identification of bacterial mixtures in urine using MALDI-TOF MS-based algorithm profiling coupled with magnetic enrichment. Analyst 2022; 147:443-449. [PMID: 34985055 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a severe public health problem caused by mono- or poly-bacteria. Culture-based methods are routinely used for the diagnosis of UTIs in clinical practice, but those are time consuming. Rapid and unambiguous identification of each pathogen in UTIs can have a significant impact on timely diagnoses and precise treatment. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is an alternative method for the identification of pathogens in clinical laboratories. However, a certain number of pure bacteria are required for MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Here, we explored a strategy combining magnetic enrichment and MALDI-TOF MS for the rapid identification of pathogenic bacterial mixtures in urine. Fragment crystallizable mannose-binding lectin-modified Fe3O4 (Fc-MBL@Fe3O4) was used for rapid enrichment and the individual-peak-based similarity model as the analytical tool. Within 30 min, a mixture of the four most prevalent UTI-causing bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was successfully identified using this method. This rapid MALDI-TOF MS-based strategy has potential applications in the clinical identification of UTI pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Haimei Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Mengjing Teng
- Kweichow Moutai Group, Renhuai, Guizhou, 564501, China
| | - Menghuan Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Bin Feng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Chuanfan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Shaoning Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Kweichow Moutai Group, Renhuai, Guizhou, 564501, China
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Sun H, Lai P, Wu W, Heng H, Si S, Ye Y, Li J, Lyu H, Zou C, Guo M, Wang Y, Geng H, Liang J. MALDI-TOF MS Based Bacterial Antibiotics Resistance Finger Print for Diabetic Pedopathy. Front Chem 2022; 9:785848. [PMID: 35096767 PMCID: PMC8795630 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.785848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has become a major global health issue. Currently, the use of antibiotics remains the best foundational strategy in the control of diabetic foot infections. However, the lack of accurate identification of pathogens and the empirical use of antibiotics at early stages of infection represents a non-targeted treatment approach with a poor curative effect that may increase the of bacterial drug resistance. Therefore, the timely identification of drug resistant bacteria is the key to increasing the efficacy of treatments for diabetic foot infections. The traditional identification method is based on bacterial morphology, cell physiology, and biochemistry. Despite the simplicity and low costs associated with this method, it is time-consuming and has limited clinical value, which delays early diagnosis and treatment. In the recent years, MALDI-TOF MS has emerged as a promising new technology in the field of clinical microbial identification. In this study, we developed a strategy for the identification of drug resistance in the diagnosis of diabetic foot infections using a combination of macro-proteomics and MALDI MS analysis. The macro-proteomics result was utilized to determine the differential proteins in the resistance group and the corresponding peptide fragments were used as the finger print in a MALDI MS analysis. This strategy was successfully used in the research of drug resistance in patients with diabetic foot infections and achieved several biomarkers that could be used as a finger print for 4 different drugs, including ceftazidime, piperacillin, levofloxacin, and tetracycline. This method can quickly confirm the drug resistance of clinical diabetic foot infections, which can help aid in the early treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Sun
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Peng Lai
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Heng
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shanwen Si
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hehe Lyu
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Caiyan Zou
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mengzhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liang, ; Houfa Geng, ; Yu Wang,
| | - Houfa Geng
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liang, ; Houfa Geng, ; Yu Wang,
| | - Jun Liang
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liang, ; Houfa Geng, ; Yu Wang,
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Ying J, Gao W, Huang D, Ding C, Ling L, Pan T, Yu S. Application of MALDI-TOF MS Profiling Coupled With Functionalized Magnetic Enrichment for Rapid Identification of Pathogens in a Patient With Open Fracture. Front Chem 2021; 9:672744. [PMID: 33996766 PMCID: PMC8120279 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.672744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic infections can occur in orthopedic trauma patients, especially in open fractures. Rapid and accurate identification of pathogens in orthopedic trauma is important for clinical diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been successfully used for first-line identification of pathogens grown on culture plates. However, for direct analysis of liquid clinical specimens, pre-purification of the sample is necessary. Herein, we investigated the feasibility of coupling Fc-MBL@Fe3O4 enrichment with MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the identification of pathogens in liquid-cultured samples. This method is successfully used for the identification of pathogens in a patient with an open-leg fracture obtained at sea. Pathogens were enriched by Fc-MBL@Fe3O4 from briefly pre-cultured liquid media and identified by MALDI-TOF MS. We identified an opportunistic pathogen, Vibrio alginolyticus, which is uncommon in clinical orthopedic trauma infection but exists widely in the sea. Therefore, combining Fc-MBL@Fe3O4 enrichment and MALDI-TOF MS profiling has great potential for direct identification of microbes in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenjing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | | | - Chuanfan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ling Ling
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoning Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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