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Yang Y, Hao Y, Huang L, Luo Y, Chen S, Xu M, Chen W. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Formaldehyde. Molecules 2024; 29:327. [PMID: 38257238 PMCID: PMC11154431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde, a ubiquitous indoor air pollutant, plays a significant role in various biological processes, posing both environmental and health challenges. This comprehensive review delves into the latest advancements in electrochemical methods for detecting formaldehyde, a compound of growing concern due to its widespread use and potential health hazards. This review underscores the inherent advantages of electrochemical techniques, such as high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability for real-time analysis, making them highly effective for formaldehyde monitoring. We explore the fundamental principles, mechanisms, and diverse methodologies employed in electrochemical formaldehyde detection, highlighting the role of innovative sensing materials and electrodes. Special attention is given to recent developments in nanotechnology and sensor design, which significantly enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of these detection systems. Moreover, this review identifies current challenges and discusses future research directions. Our aim is to encourage ongoing research and innovation in this field, ultimately leading to the development of advanced, practical solutions for formaldehyde detection in various environmental and biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.H.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
| | - Lijie Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Yuanjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
| | - Maotian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Wansong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
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de Araújo ALS, Cavalcante CO, Lavorante AF, Silva WE, Belian MF. Fluorimetric determination of aqueous formaldehyde employing heating and ultrasound-assisted approach through its derivatization with a ß-diketone-nickel(2+) complex immobilized in a PMMA flow cell. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 310:123792. [PMID: 38244431 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a highly toxic substance present in many matrices, including freshwater as well as found in natural mechanisms such as rainfall and combustion of organic matter. Consumption of water contaminated with high levels of FA can cause severe short-term or long-term health problems. Due to these health risks, procedures are necessary to determine and quantify FA in aqua sources This paper reports on a study of fluorimetric determination of FA using a nickel(2 + )-diketonate coordination compound immobilized as a solid precursor. The compound was characterized by electronic absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), optical microscopy (OM), and scanner electron microscopy (SEM). The methodology was based on the reaction of the synthesized compound with an ammoniacal buffer generating a selective reagent for formaldehyde: fluoral-P. The product of the reaction generates 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL), which is responsible for the fluorescence of the system. Several parameters such as temperature, duration of heating time, and dilution effect with the best effects were studied to carry out FA determination. Under the optimum experimental conditions, a linear response ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 mg/L FA (R = 0.997 and n = 10), and a detection (3σ criterion) and quantification (10 σ criterion) limit estimated at 0.129 and 0.389 mg/L, respectively were achieved. The FA analysis was able to be conducted in 05 min with a relative standard deviation estimated at 1.10 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L S de Araújo
- Department of Chemistry Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, S/N°, 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Caroliny O Cavalcante
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, S/N, 50740-560, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - André F Lavorante
- Department of Chemistry Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, S/N°, 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Wagner E Silva
- Department of Chemistry Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, S/N°, 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mônica F Belian
- Department of Chemistry Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, S/N°, 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Ratautė K, Ratautas D. A Review from a Clinical Perspective: Recent Advances in Biosensors for the Detection of L-Amino Acids. BIOSENSORS 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 38248382 PMCID: PMC10813600 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The field of biosensors is filled with reports and designs of various sensors, with the vast majority focusing on glucose sensing. However, in addition to glucose, there are many other important analytes that are worth investigating as well. In particular, L-amino acids appear as important diagnostic markers for a number of conditions. However, the progress in L-amino acid detection and the development of biosensors for L-amino acids are still somewhat insufficient. In recent years, the need to determine L-amino acids from clinical samples has risen. More clinical data appear to demonstrate that abnormal concentrations of L-amino acids are related to various clinical conditions such as inherited metabolic disorders, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, muscle damage, etc. However, to this day, the diagnostic potential of L-amino acids is not yet fully established. Most likely, this is because of the difficulties in measuring L-amino acids, especially in human blood. In this review article, we extensively investigate the 'overlooked' L-amino acids. We review typical levels of amino acids present in human blood and broadly survey the importance of L-amino acids in most common conditions which can be monitored or diagnosed from changes in L-amino acids present in human blood. We also provide an overview of recent biosensors for L-amino acid monitoring and their advantages and disadvantages, with some other alternative methods for L-amino acid quantification, and finally we outline future perspectives related to the development of biosensing devices for L-amino acid monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ratautė
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Ratautas
- Life Science Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Xu S, Jiang L, Huang X, Ju W, Liang Y, Tao Z, Yang Y, Zhu B, Wei G. Efficient formaldehyde sensor based on PtPd nanoparticles-loaded nafion-modified electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:025704. [PMID: 37804824 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The noble metal-based electrochemical sensor design for efficient and stable formaldehyde(FA) detection is important ongoing research. In this paper, PtPd/Nafion/GCE is prepared by electrochemical cyclic voltammetry deposition method based on electrodepositing nanostructured platinum (Pt)-palladium (Pd) nanoparticles in Nafion film-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The influence of deposition parameters and chemical composition (atomic ratio of Pt and Pd) on the electrochemical behaviour of PtPd/Nafion/GCE has been investigated. PtPd/Nafion/GCE displays a remarked electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of FA and exhibits a linear relationship in the range of 10-5000μM, with a detection limit of 3.3μM in 0.1 M H2SO4solution. It is proved that the detection performance of PtPd/Nafion/GCE electrode is valuable for further application with low detection limit, wide linear range, favourable selectivity and high response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Xu
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jiang
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Ju
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Liang
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Tao
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumeng Yang
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Benfeng Zhu
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Wei
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
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Kowalczyk A, Zarychta J, Lejman M, Zawitkowska J. Electrochemical and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Chemical Carcinogens Causing Leukemia. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3369. [PMID: 37050429 PMCID: PMC10098728 DOI: 10.3390/s23073369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality due to neoplastic diseases have shown an increasing tendency over the years. Based on GLOBOCAN 2020 published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), leukemias are the thirteenth most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, with 78.6% of leukemia cases diagnosed in countries with a very high or high Human Development Index (HDI). Carcinogenesis is a complex process initiated by a mutation in DNA that may be caused by chemical carcinogens present in polluted environments and human diet. The IARC has identified 122 human carcinogens, e.g., benzene, formaldehyde, pentachlorophenol, and 93 probable human carcinogens, e.g., styrene, diazinone. The aim of the following review is to present the chemical carcinogens involved or likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of leukemia and to summarize the latest reports on the possibility of detecting these compounds in the environment or food with the use of electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kowalczyk
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Julia Zarychta
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Selective determination of formaldehyde by high-performance liquid chromatography with porous graphitic carbon column using N,N'-bis(9-anthrylmethyl)propane-1,3-diamine as derivatizing reagent. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:285-295. [PMID: 36550369 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds containing two secondary amino groups were designed and prepared as new derivatizing reagents for aldehydes. One of them, N,N'-bis(9-anthrylmethyl)propane-1,3-diamine (APD), could achieve selective determination of formaldehyde (FA) on a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column using xylenes, chlorobenzene, and 1-chloronaphthalene as mobile phases by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The APD-FA derivative was eluted from the PGC column, while the other APD-aldehyde derivatives remained on the column during the HPLC measurements. This specific elution was not observed using mobile phases such as acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, chloroform, benzene, toluene, benzyl alcohol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and pyridine. The APD-FA derivative had a six-membered ring of two tertiary amines identified using 1H NMR spectroscopy. When the π-π interaction of the solvent molecule of the mobile phase with PGC overcame that between the APD-FA derivative and PGC, the APD-FA derivative could be eluted from the column. The best resolution between the peak of the APD-FA derivative and that of free APD was observed when using o-xylene. The optimum derivatization and the HPLC conditions for selective HPLC determination of FA were to conduct the derivatization of FA by heating in an aqueous phase with APD in o-xylene at 100 °C. In this method, FA could be derivatized with APD at a mildly neutral pH of 6.7, unlike the low pH required for the derivatization of aldehydes with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), which is commonly used for the derivatization of aldehydes. The detection and quantification limits of FA were 0.8 and 3.5 ng mL-1 in this HPLC method with fluorescent detection, respectively. This selective HPLC method could be applied to the determination of FA in various water samples. It was found that only APD among the derivatizing reagents containing two secondary diamines was useful for the selective determination of FA.
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Efficient detection of formaldehyde by fluorescence switching sensor based on GSH-CdTe. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Cheng Y, Cai Z, Xu Z, Sang X, Song C. Smart sensing device for formaldehyde that based on uniform lanthanide CPs microsphere. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lin YC, Lin PY, Hsieh SL, Tsai CY, Patel AK, Singhania RR, Kirankumar R, Dong CD, Chen CW, Hsieh S. Quantum dot assisted precise and sensitive fluorescence-based formaldehyde detection in food samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 283:121729. [PMID: 35985226 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde has an extremely reactive carbonyl group, commonly used as an antibacterial agent to sterilize and prevent food to spoil. This article describes an efficient and rapid detection method of formaldehyde from an aqueous solution by synthesizing 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) quantum dots (Nano A) which react with formaldehyde to generate a Schiff base reaction. The photoinduced electron transfer produced by the quantum dots themselves results in fluorescence quenching to detect formaldehyde. The detection limit can reach 10-9 M, and it can further be used to detect formaldehyde content in foods, such as baby vegetables, mushrooms, and vermicelli among other daily foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Shuchen Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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Miškinis J, Ramonas E, Gurevičienė V, Razumienė J, Dagys M, Ratautas D. Capacitance-Based Biosensor for the Measurement of Total Loss of L-Amino Acids in Human Serum during Hemodialysis. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3352-3359. [PMID: 36268654 PMCID: PMC9706805 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a biosensor based on a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-modified Pt electrode with an adjusted membrane containing cross-linked L-amino acid oxidase for the detection and quantification of total L-amino acids. The designed biosensor was tested and characterized using the capacitance-based principle, capacitance measurements after electrode polarization, disconnection from the circuit, and addition of the respective amount of the analyte. The method was implemented using the capacitive and catalytic properties of the Pt/AuNP electrode; nanostructures were able to store electric charge while at the same time catalyzing the oxidation of the redox reaction intermediate H2O2. In this way, the Pt/AuNP layer was charged after the addition of analytes, allowing for much more accurate measurements for samples with low amino acid concentrations. The combined biosensor electrode with the capacitance-based measurement method resulted in high sensitivity and a low limit of detection (LOD) for hydrogen peroxide (4.15 μC/μM and 0.86 μM, respectively) and high sensitivity, a low LOD, and a wide linear range for L-amino acids (0.73 μC/μM, 5.5 μM and 25-1500 μM, respectively). The designed biosensor was applied to measure the relative loss of amino acids in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy by analyzing amino acid levels in diluted serum samples before and after entering/leaving the hemodialysis apparatus. In general, the designed biosensor in conjunction with the proposed capacitance-based method was clinically tested and could also be applied for the detection of other analytes using analyte-specific oxidases.
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Huang W, Zhao L, Shen R, Li G, Ling L. RGB color analysis of formaldehyde in vegetables based on DNA functionalized gold nanoparticles and triplex DNA. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3598-3604. [PMID: 36047367 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00689h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective RGB color analysis for the detection of formaldehyde (FA) was developed by using a DNA functionalized gold nanoparticle (AuNPs-DNA) probe. When complementary oligonucleotides (oligo 2 and oligo 3) and a silver ion (Ag+) were added to the AuNPs-DNA solution, triplex DNA was formed, resulting in the aggregation of AuNPs, and accompanied by a solution color change from red to purple. With the addition of formaldehyde, it reacted with Ag+, decreased the stability of triplex DNA between AuNPs-DNA, induced the dispersion of AuNPs, and the color of AuNPs recovered to red. Therefore, the formaldehyde concentration could be estimated with the RGB (red, green, blue) values of the AuNP solution by using a smartphone application (APP). The R value of the system was proportional to the concentration of formaldehyde within the range of 0.23-4.50 mg L-1, with a detection limit of 0.14 mg L-1. The method has been successfully applied to detect the residues of formaldehyde in vegetable samples and has the potential of the on-site determination of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Lizhen Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Ruidi Shen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Liansheng Ling
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
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Serapinas S, Gineitytė J, Butkevičius M, Danilevičius R, Dagys M, Ratautas D. Biosensor prototype for rapid detection and quantification of DNase activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114475. [PMID: 35714494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNases are enzymes that cleave phosphodiesteric bonds of deoxyribonucleic acid molecules and are found everywhere in nature, especially in bodily fluids, i.e., saliva, blood, or sweat. Rapid and sensitive detection of DNase activity is highly important for quality control in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. For clinical diagnostics, recent reports indicate that increased DNase activity could be related to various diseases, such as cancers. In this paper, we report a new bioelectronic device for the determination of nuclease activity in various fluids. The system consists of a sensor electrode, a custom design DNA target to maximize the DNase cleavage rate, a signal analysis algorithm, and supporting electronics. The developed sensor enables the determination of DNase activity in the range of 3.4 × 10-4 - 3.0 × 10-2 U mL-1 with a limit of detection of up to 3.4 × 10-4 U mL-1. The sensor was tested by measuring nuclease activity in real human saliva samples and found to demonstrate high accuracy and reproducibility compared to the industry standard DNaseAlert™️. Finally, the entire detection system was implemented as a prototype device system utilizing single-use electrodes, custom-made cells, and electronics. The developed technology can improve nuclease quality control processes in the pharmaceutical/biotechnology industry and provide new insights into the importance of nucleases for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skomantas Serapinas
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania; UAB "Laboratorija 1", Pamėnkalnio g. 36, LT-01114, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justina Gineitytė
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania; UAB "Bioanalizės sistemos", Saulėtekio al. 15, LT-10224, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marius Butkevičius
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania; UAB "Laboratorija 1", Pamėnkalnio g. 36, LT-01114, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Marius Dagys
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania; UAB "Bioanalizės sistemos", Saulėtekio al. 15, LT-10224, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Ratautas
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania; UAB "Bioanalizės sistemos", Saulėtekio al. 15, LT-10224, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Ahmad M, Heng LY, Tan LL. Optical enzymatic formaldehyde biosensor based on alcohol oxidase and pH-sensitive methacrylic-acrylic optode membrane. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120535. [PMID: 34749257 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical biosensor for the detection of formaldehyde has been developed based on the transparent enzymatic stacked membranes system on the glass substrate, and employing optical absorption transducer with H+ ion-selective Nile Blue chromoionophore (NBCM) dye-doped methacrylic acrylic (MB28) copolymer membrane as the optode membrane. Alcohol oxidase (AOx) enzymes were entrapped within the biocompatible sol-gel matrix and deposited on top of the pH optode membrane. As the uppermost catalytic membrane catalyzes the oxidative conversion of formaldehyde to formic acid and hydrogen peroxide, the immobilized NBCM undergoes protonation reaction and forms HNBCM+, the dark blue ion-chromoionophore complex via H+ ion transfer reaction within the soft and flexible MB28 polymeric membrane. This rendered the enzymatic optode membrane absorbed a high yellow light intensity from the light source and exhibited maximum absorption peaks at 610 and 660 nm. Optical evaluation of formaldehyde by means on UV-vis absorption transduction of the enzymatic stacked membranes demonstrated rapid response time of 10 min with high sensitivity, good linearity and high reproducibility across a wide formaldehyde concentration range of 1 × 10-3-1 × 103 mM (R2 = 0.9913), and limit of detection (LOD) at 1 × 10-3 mM, which could be useful for formaldehyde assay in industrial, agricultural, environmental, food and beverages as well as medical samples. The formaldehyde concentration in snapper fish, pomfret fish and threadfin fish samples determined by the proposed optical enzymatic biosensor were very much close to the formaldehyde concentration values determined by the UV-vis spectrophotometric NASH standard method based on the statistical t-test. This suggests that the optical biosensor can be used as a reliable method for quantitative determination of formaldehyde levels in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Ahmad
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Lee Yook Heng
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ling Ling Tan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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