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Fursman H, Morelato M, Chadwick S, Coppey F, Esseiva P, Roux C, Stojanovska N. Development and evaluation of portable NIR technology for the identification and quantification of Australian illicit drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 362:112179. [PMID: 39096793 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The efficient and accurate analysis of illicit drugs remains a constant challenge in Australia given the high volume of drugs trafficked into and around the country. Portable drug testing technologies facilitate the decentralisation of the forensic laboratory and enable analytical data to be acted upon more efficiently. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric modelling (machine learning algorithms) has been highlighted as a portable drug testing technology that is rapid and accurate. However, its effectiveness depends upon a database of chemically relevant specimens that are representative of the market. There are chemical differences between drugs in different countries that need to be incorporated into the database to ensure accurate chemometric model prediction. This study aimed to optimise and assess the implementation of NIR spectroscopy combined with machine learning models to rapidly identify and quantify illicit drugs within an Australian context. The MicroNIR (Viavi Solutions Inc.) was used to scan 608 illicit drug specimens seized by the Australian Federal Police comprising of mainly crystalline methamphetamine hydrochloride (HCl), cocaine HCl, and heroin HCl. A number of other traditional drugs, new psychoactive substances and adulterants were also scanned to assess selectivity. The 3673 NIR scans were compared to the identity and quantification values obtained from a reference laboratory in order to assess the proficiency of the chemometric models. The identification of crystalline methamphetamine HCl, cocaine HCl, and heroin HCl specimens was highly accurate, with accuracy rates of 98.4 %, 97.5 %, and 99.2 %, respectively. The sensitivity of these three drugs was more varied with heroin HCl identification being the least sensitive (methamphetamine = 96.6 %, cocaine = 93.5 % and heroin = 91.3 %). For these three drugs, the NIR technology provided accurate quantification, with 99 % of values falling within the relative uncertainty of ±15 %. The MicroNIR with NIRLAB infrastructure has demonstrated to provide accurate results in real-time with clear operational applications. There is potential to improve informed decision-making, safety, efficiency and effectiveness of frontline and proactive policing within Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Fursman
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Marie Morelato
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Scott Chadwick
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Florentin Coppey
- École des Sciences Criminelles/School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Building Batochime, Lausanne, Vaud CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- École des Sciences Criminelles/School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Building Batochime, Lausanne, Vaud CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Claude Roux
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Natasha Stojanovska
- Forensics Command, Australian Federal Police, 110 Goulburn Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
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2
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Griffith A, Chande C, Kulkarni S, Morel J, Cheng YH, Shimizu E, Cugini C, Basuray S, Kumar V. Point-of-care diagnostic devices for periodontitis - current trends and urgent need. SENSORS & DIAGNOSTICS 2024; 3:1119-1134. [PMID: 39007012 PMCID: PMC11238172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sd00317e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Point of care (POC) diagnostic devices provide a method for rapid accurate identification of disease through analysis of biologically relevant substances. This review focuses on the utility of POC testing for early detection of periodontitis, a critical factor in treating the disease. Accessing the oral cavity for biological sampling is less invasive when compared to other internal test sites, and oral fluids contain biomarkers indicative of periodontitis. The ease of access makes the mouth an excellent target location for the development of POC devices. In this review, accepted standards in industry by which these devices must adhere, provided by the World Health Organization such as REASSURED and CLIA, are discussed. An overview is provided for many periodontal biomarkers currently being investigated as a means of predicting periodontal disease and its progression. POC devices currently being investigated for the identification and monitoring of periodontal disease such as paper-based and lab-on-a-chip based devices are outlined. Limitations of current POC devices on the market are provided and future directions in leveraging biomarkers as an adjunctive method for oral diagnosis along with AI-based analysis systems are discussed. Here, we present the ESSENCE sensor platform, which combines a porous non-planar electrode with enhanced shear flow to achieve unprecedented sensitivity and selectivity. The combination of the ESENCE chip with an automated platform allows us to meet the WHO's ASSURED criteria. This platform promises to be an exciting POC candidate for early detection of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Griffith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Charmi Chande
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Sahitya Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Josuel Morel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Emi Shimizu
- Department of Endodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark NJ 07103 USA
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark NJ 07103 USA
| | - Carla Cugini
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark NJ 07103 USA
| | - Sagnik Basuray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
- Department of Endodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark NJ 07103 USA
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3
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Balamurugan TST, Stelmaszczyk P, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Poltorak L. Electroanalytical characterization of clozapine at the electrified liquid-liquid interface and its detection in soft and hard drinks. Analyst 2024; 149:2073-2083. [PMID: 38415352 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02188b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Clozapine (CZ) is a prescribed benzodiazepine psychiatric drug that is often possessed as an illicit drug and is associated with drug-facilitated sexual assaults (DFSA) due to its strong sedative capabilities. Hence, we propose an electrified liquid-liquid interface (eLLI) based transducing element as an alternative electroanalytical platform for rapid screening of CZ in soft and hard drinks which is habitually associated with DFSA crimes. First, molecular partitioning and the effect of chemical composition, pH, and the presence of ethanol in the biphasic configuration of the aqueous phase on the interfacial behaviour and analytical performance of the CZ at the eLLI have been investigated with voltammetry. Next, the electrochemical profiles of various soft and hard drinks were studied at the eLLI. The eLLI-based CZ sensor has shown a broad dynamic range (15-150 μM), lower detection limits (1μM), and adequate reliability towards rapid CZ screening in spiked soft and hard drink samples with reference to the standard chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj S T Balamurugan
- Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Paweł Stelmaszczyk
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland.
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Rosendo LM, Antunes M, Simão AY, Brinca AT, Catarro G, Pelixo R, Martinho J, Pires B, Soares S, Cascalheira JF, Passarinha L, Rosado T, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Sensors in the Detection of Abused Substances in Forensic Contexts: A Comprehensive Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2249. [PMID: 38138418 PMCID: PMC10745465 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Forensic toxicology plays a pivotal role in elucidating the presence of drugs of abuse in both biological and solid samples, thereby aiding criminal investigations and public health initiatives. This review article explores the significance of sensor technologies in this field, focusing on diverse applications and their impact on the determination of drug abuse markers. This manuscript intends to review the transformative role of portable sensor technologies in detecting drugs of abuse in various samples. They offer precise, efficient, and real-time detection capabilities in both biological samples and solid substances. These sensors have become indispensable tools, with particular applications in various scenarios, including traffic stops, crime scenes, and workplace drug testing. The integration of portable sensor technologies in forensic toxicology is a remarkable advancement in the field. It has not only improved the speed and accuracy of drug abuse detection but has also extended the reach of forensic toxicology, making it more accessible and versatile. These advancements continue to shape forensic toxicology, ensuring swift, precise, and reliable results in criminal investigations and public health endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana M. Rosendo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mónica Antunes
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Y. Simão
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Brinca
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Catarro
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Pelixo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Martinho
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Bruno Pires
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sofia Soares
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Francisco Cascalheira
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís Passarinha
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
- Centro Académico Clínico das Beiras (CACB)—Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses—Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
- Centro Académico Clínico das Beiras (CACB)—Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
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Beduk D, Beduk T, de Oliveira Filho JI, Ait Lahcen A, Aldemir E, Guler Celik E, Salama KN, Timur S. Smart Multiplex Point-of-Care Platform for Simultaneous Drug Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37247-37258. [PMID: 37499237 PMCID: PMC10416146 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, illicit drug use has become more widespread and is linked to problems with crime and public health. These drugs disrupt consciousness, affecting perceptions and feelings. Combining stimulants and depressants to suppress the effect of drugs has become the most common reason for drug overdose deaths. On-site platforms for illicit-drug detection have gained an important role in dealing, without any excess equipment, long process, and training, with drug abuse and drug trafficking. Consequently, the development of rapid, sensitive, noninvasive, and reliable multiplex drug-detecting platforms has become a major necessity. In this study, a multiplex laser-scribed graphene (LSG) sensing platform with one counter, one reference, and three working electrodes was developed for rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection of amphetamine (AMP), cocaine (COC), and benzodiazepine (BZD) simultaneously in saliva samples. The multidetection sensing system was combined with a custom-made potentiostat to achieve a complete point-of-care (POC) platform. Smartphone integration was achieved by a customized application to operate, display, and send data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multiplex LSG-based electrochemical platform designed for illicit-drug detection with a custom-made potentiostat device to build a complete POC platform. Each working electrode was optimized with standard solutions of AMP, COC, and BZD in the concentration range of 1.0 pg/mL-500 ng/mL. The detection limit of each illicit drug was calculated as 4.3 ng/mL for AMP, 9.7 ng/mL for BZD, and 9.0 ng/mL for COC. Healthy and MET (methamphetamine) patient saliva samples were used for the clinical study. The multiplex LSG sensor was able to detect target analytes in real saliva samples successfully. This multiplex detection device serves the role of a practical and affordable alternative to conventional drug-detection methods by combining multiple drug detections in one portable platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Beduk
- Central
Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tutku Beduk
- Silicon
Austria Labs (SAL) GmbH, Europastraße 12, 9500 Villach, Austria
- Sensors
Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical,
and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - José Ilton de Oliveira Filho
- Sensors
Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical,
and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdellatif Ait Lahcen
- Department
of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Dalio
Institute for Cardiovascular Imaging, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Ebru Aldemir
- Department
of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir
Tinaztepe University, 35400 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emine Guler Celik
- Department
of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Khaled Nabil Salama
- Sensors
Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical,
and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suna Timur
- Central
Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege
University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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6
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Dai Z. Recent Advances in the Development of Portable Electrochemical Sensors for Controlled Substances. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3140. [PMID: 36991851 PMCID: PMC10058808 DOI: 10.3390/s23063140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This review article summarizes recent achievements in developing portable electrochemical sensing systems for the detection and/or quantification of controlled substances with potential on-site applications at the crime scene or other venues and in wastewater-based epidemiology. Electrochemical sensors employing carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), including a wearable glove-based one, and aptamer-based devices, including a miniaturized aptamer-based graphene field effect transistor platform, are some exciting examples. Quite straightforward electrochemical sensing systems and methods for controlled substances have been developed using commercially available carbon SPEs and commercially available miniaturized potentiostats. They offer simplicity, ready availability, and affordability. With further development, they might become ready for deployment in forensic field investigation, especially when fast and informed decisions are to be made. Slightly modified carbon SPEs or SPE-like devices might be able to offer higher specificity and sensitivity while they can still be used on commercially available miniaturized potentiostats or lab-fabricated portable or even wearable devices. Affinity-based portable devices employing aptamers, antibodies, and molecularly imprinted polymers have been developed for more specific and sensitive detection and quantification. With further development of both hardware and software, the future of electrochemical sensors for controlled substances is bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Dai
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
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7
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Singh N, Varshney U. Adaptive interventions for opioid prescription management and consumption monitoring. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2023; 30:511-528. [PMID: 36562638 PMCID: PMC9933075 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocac253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While opioid addiction, treatment, and recovery are receiving attention, not much has been done on adaptive interventions to prevent opioid use disorder (OUD). To address this, we identify opioid prescription and opioid consumption as promising targets for adaptive interventions and present a design framework. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the framework, we designed Smart Prescription Management (SPM) and Smart Consumption Monitoring (SCM) interventions. The interventions are evaluated using analytical modeling and secondary data on doctor shopping, opioid overdose, prescription quality, and cost components. RESULTS SPM was most effective (30-90% improvement, for example, prescriptions reduced from 18 to 1.8 per patient) for extensive doctor shopping and reduced overdose events and mortality. Opioid adherence was improved and the likelihood of addiction declined (10-30%) as the response rate to SCM was increased. There is the potential for significant incentives ($2267-$3237) to be offered for addressing severe OUD. DISCUSSION The framework and designed interventions adapt to changing needs and conditions of the patients to become an important part of global efforts in preventing OUD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper on adaptive interventions for preventing OUD by addressing both prescription and consumption. CONCLUSION SPM and SCM improved opioid prescription and consumption while reducing the risk of opioid addiction. These interventions will assist in better prescription decisions and in managing opioid consumption leading to desirable outcomes. The interventions can be extended to other substance use disorders and to study complex scenarios of prescription and nonprescription opioids in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Singh
- Department of Management Information Systems, University of Illinois Springfield, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Upkar Varshney
- Department of Computer Information Systems, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Krishnan RY, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Biruntha M, Balachandar R, Karmegam N. Origin, transport and ecological risk assessment of illicit drugs in the environment - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137091. [PMID: 36356815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs are a novel group of emerging pollutants. A growing global environmental load and ecological risk is created by the ongoing release of these toxins into the environment. Conventional water processing plants fail to completely remove drugs of abuse from both surface water and wastewater. The origin, environmental fate and ecological repercussions of illicit drugs, despite their detection in surface waterways around the world, are not well understood. In this review, illicit drug detections in potable water, surface water and wastewater globally have been studied during the past 15 years in order to establish a baseline for future years. The most common drugs with abuse potential detected in different sources of potable and surface water were methadone (0.12-22.7 ng/L), cocaine (0.05-506.6 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (0.07-1019 ng/L), amphetamine (1.4-342.6 ng/L), and codeine (0.002-42 ng/L). The bulk of research only looked at a small number of drugs of abuse, indicating that despite widespread use, a large spectrum of these intoxicants has yet to be detected. This review focuses on the origin of illicit drug contaminants in water bodies, air, and soil, their persistence in the environment, and the typical concentrations at which they occur in the environment. The impact of these drugs on aquatic organisms like Elliptio complanata mussels, crayfish and zebrafish has also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yedhu Krishnan
- Department of Food Technology, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally, Kottayam, 686 518, Kerala, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - M Biruntha
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Chennai, 602 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Enzymatic inhibitive determination of AB-Fubinaca and AB-Pinaca on screen printed carbon tetratiofulvalene electrodes modified with nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Huang D, Forbes CR, Garg NK, Darzi ER. A Cannabinoid Fuel Cell Capable of Producing Current by Oxidizing Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Org Lett 2022; 24:6705-6710. [PMID: 36094349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a current-producing H-Cell that relies on the oxidation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. We found through systematic investigation of several variables that power densities could be improved 5-fold. Moreover, a real-time signal in a rudimentary THC sensor was observed at varying concentrations of THC. Given the growing societal interest in the detection of THC, our studies lay the foundation for the development of a marijuana breathalyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- ElectraTect, Inc. 850 N. Fifth Street, Suite 406, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Christina R Forbes
- ElectraTect, Inc. 850 N. Fifth Street, Suite 406, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Evan R Darzi
- ElectraTect, Inc. 850 N. Fifth Street, Suite 406, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
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Yence M, Cetinkaya A, Kaya SI, Ozkan SA. Recent Developments in the Sensitive Electrochemical Assay of Common Opioid Drugs. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:882-895. [PMID: 35853096 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2099732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are a class of drugs used to treat moderate to severe pain and have short-term adverse effects. Nevertheless, they are considered necessary for pain management. However, well-known hazards are connected with an opioid prescription, such as overuse, addiction, and overdose deaths. For example, the death rate from opioid analgesic poisoning in the USA approximately doubled, owing to the overuse and addiction of opioid analgesics. Also, opioids are a very important group of analytes in forensic chemistry, so it is necessary to use reliable, fast, and sensitive analytical tools to determine opioid analgesics. This review focuses on the opioid overdose crisis, the properties of commonly used opioid drugs, their mechanism, effects, and some chromatographic and spectroscopic detection methods are explained briefly. Then most essentially recent developments covering the last ten years in the sensitive electrochemical methods of common opioid analgesics, their innovations and features, and future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Yence
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Towards the Validation of an Observational Tool to Detect Impaired Drivers-An Online Video Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127548. [PMID: 35742798 PMCID: PMC9223496 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of alcohol and other drugs is a major risk factor at work. To reduce this risk, workplace drug testing is performed in transportation and other industries. VERIFY, an observational method, is one of the key elements in a procedure adopted by the police of the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, for detecting impaired drivers. The observational method has been successfully applied by adequately trained police officers since 2014. The aim of this study is to examine the interrater reliability of the observational method, the effect of training in use of the method, and the role of having experience in the police force and traffic police force on the outcome when rating a driver’s impairment. For this purpose, driver impairment in staged road traffic controls presented in videos was rated by laypeople (n = 81), and police officers without (n = 146) and with training (n = 172) in the VERIFY procedure. In general, the results recorded for police officers with training revealed a moderate to very good interrater reliability of the observational method. Among the three groups, impaired drivers were best identified by officers with training (ranging between 82.6% and 89.5% correct identification). Trained officers reported a higher impairment severity of the impaired drivers than the other two groups, indicating that training increases sensitivity to signs of impairment. Our findings also suggest that online video technology could be helpful in identifying impaired drivers. Trained police officers could be connected to a road traffic control to make observations via live video. By this method efficiency and reliability in detecting abuse of alcohol and other drugs could be improved. Our findings also apply to workplace drug testing in general.
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