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Chen X, Wu W, Sun H, Chen L, Wang Y, Xia B, Zhou Y. Development and Application of a Comprehensive Nontargeted Screening Strategy for Aristolochic Acid Analogues. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1922-1931. [PMID: 38264982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid analogs (AAAs) are naturally occurring carcinogenic and toxic compounds that pose a safety threat to pharmaceuticals and the environment. It is challenging to screen AAAs due to their lack of characteristic mass spectral fragmentation and their presence of structural diversity. A comprehensive nontargeted screening strategy was proposed by taking into account diverse factors and incorporating various self-developed techniques, and a Python3-based toolkit called AAAs_finder was developed for its implementation. The main procedures consist of virtual structure and ultraviolet and visible (UV) spectra database creation, exact mass and UV spectra-based suspect data extraction, tandem mass spectra (MS/MS) anthropomorphic interpretation, and multicondition retention time (RT) prediction-based candidate structures ranking. To initially assess screening feasibility, eight hypothetical unknown samples were subjected to nontargeted screening using the AAAs_finder toolkit and two other advanced tools. The results showed that the former successfully identified all, while the latter two only managed to identify two and three, respectively, indicating that our strategy was more feasible. After that, the strategy was carefully evaluated for false positives and false negatives, instrument dependence, reproducibility, and sensitivity. After the evaluation, the strategy was successfully applied to the screening of AAAs in real samples, such as herbal medicine, spiked soil, and water. Overall, this study proposed a nontargeted screening strategy and toolkit independent of characteristic mass spectral fragmentation and able to overcome challenges posed by structural diversity for the AAAs screening, which is also valuable for other classes of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenlin Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongbing Sun
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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Cariou R, Rivière M, Hutinet S, Tebbaa A, Dubreuil D, Mathé-Allainmat M, Lebreton J, Le Bizec B, Tessier A, Dervilly G. Thorough investigation of non-volatile substances extractible from inner coatings of metallic cans and their occurrence in the canned vegetables. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129026. [PMID: 35525007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the decline of the use of bisphenol A, the chemistry of the varnishes and coatings which are applied to the inner surfaces of metallic food contact materials is poorly documented. We hypothesised that can coatings are now diverse and bring forth various non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) to be described. Investigating complex components such as NIAS requires demanding non-targeted approaches. We investigated the coatings of 12 vegetable cans from the French market. More than 125 substances were pinpointed, among them 84 oligoester combinations from 8 diols and 4 diacids. Thus, oligoesters were the dominant family. Additives such as epoxidised soybean oil, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and benzoguanamine derivatives and phenol-formaldehyde oligomers were also identified. A software for exploring databases of theoretical combinations of polyester and phenol-formaldehyde resin components (NIAS-db 1.0) was made available. The stepwise organic synthesis of native and deuterated combinations of neopentyl glycol and isophthalic acid (4 and 8 units, linear and cyclic) enabled a higher confidence level and monitoring in vegetable extracts. Migration of oligoesters averaged 330 µg/kg in the drained vegetables (43-1600 µg/kg). This study sheds light on the need to fulfil a proper risk assessment on this NIAS family (exposure and hazard characterisation).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Rivière
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Asmaa Tebbaa
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, F-44300 Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Didier Dubreuil
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Jacques Lebreton
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Arnaud Tessier
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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