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Fabris AL, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Øiestad EL, Rossi GN, Hallak JEC, Dos Santos RG, Costa JL, Yonamine M. Solvent-free parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction for drugs of abuse in plasma samples using LC-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1301:342387. [PMID: 38553114 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) is a 96-well plate setup variant of liquid-phase microextraction. Basic or acidic analytes are extracted in neutral form from the sample, through a supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into aqueous acceptor. PALME is already considered a green extraction technique, but in the current conceptual work, we sought to make it even greener by replacing the use of organic solvents with essential oils (EO). PALME was combined with LC-MS/MS for analysis of plasma samples and multiple drugs of abuse with toxicological relevance (amphetamines, phenethylamines, synthetic cathinones, designer benzodiazepines, ayahuasca alkaloids, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ketamine). RESULTS Fourteen EO were compared to organic solvents frequently used in PALME. The EO termed smart & sassy yielded the best analyte recovery for all drugs studied and was thus selected as SLM. Then, factorial screening and Box-Behnken were employed to optimize the technique. The extraction time, concentration of base, sample volume, and percentage of trioctylamine significantly impacted analyte recovery. The optimum values were defined as 120 min, 10 mmol/L of NaOH, 150 μL, and 0%, respectively. Once optimized, validation parameters were 1-100 ng mL-1 as linear range, accuracy ±16.4%, precision >83%, 1 ng mL-1 as limit of quantitation, 0.1-0.75 ng mL-1 as limit of detection, matrix effect <20%, and recovery 20-106%. Additionally, EO purchased from different production batches were tested and achieved acceptable reproducibility. Data were in compliance with requirements set by internationally accepted validation guidelines and the applicability of the technique was proven using authentic samples. SIGNIFICANCE In this study, the use of an EO provided a solvent-free sample preparation technique suited to extract different classes of drugs of abuse from plasma samples, dismissing the use of hazardous organic solvents. The method also provided excellent sample clean-up, thus being a simple and efficient tool for toxicological applications that is in agreement with the principles of sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fabris
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4459 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Giordano Novak Rossi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jaime E Cecílio Hallak
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology - Translational Medicine, Brazil
| | - Rafael Guimarães Dos Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology - Translational Medicine, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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Sezigen S, Kaya SI, Bakirhan NK, Ozkan SA. Development of a molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of nerve agent VX metabolite ethyl methylphosphonic acid in human plasma and urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1505-1515. [PMID: 38267586 PMCID: PMC10861733 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on the detection of ethyl methyl phosphonic acid (EMPA), a metabolite of the banned organophosphorus nerve agent VX. We developed an electrochemical sensor utilizing the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) and tetraethyl orthosilicate for the selective detection of EMPA in human plasma and urine samples. The 4-ABA@EMPA/MIP/GCE sensor was constructed by a thermal polymerization process on a glassy carbon electrode and sensor characterization was performed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The 4-ABA@EMPA/MIP/GCE sensor demonstrated impressive linear ranges 1.0 × 10-10 M-2.5 × 10-9 M for the standard solution, 1.0 × 10-10 M-2.5 × 10-9 M for the urine sample, and 1.0 × 10-10 M-1 × 10-9 M of EMPA for the plasma sample with outstanding detection limits of 2.75 × 10-11 M (standard solution), 2.11 × 10-11 M (urine), and 2.36 × 10-11 M (plasma). The sensor exhibited excellent recovery percentages ranging from 99.86 to 101.30% in urine samples and 100.62 to 101.08% in plasma samples. These findings underscore the effectiveness of the 4-ABA@EMPA/MIP/GCE as a straightforward, highly sensitive, and selective interface capable of detecting the target analyte EMPA in human plasma and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sermet Sezigen
- Department of Medical CBRN Defense, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Nurgul K Bakirhan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Ding S, Xu Y, Xue S, Li A, Zhang Q. Capillary electrophoresis separations with deep eutectic solvents as greener separation media: A proof-of-concept study. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464644. [PMID: 38237289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has conventionally been classified into aqueous and non-aqueous categories based on the types of buffer solvents employed. Traditionally, non-aqueous CE has always been associated with the use of organic solvents, which are considered hazardous to health and environmentally detrimental. In this work, we introduce deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as CE separation media for the first time, presenting a novel and environmentally friendly approach to CE separations. The DES employed consists of proline and urea (Proline:Urea, PU), both of which are naturally occurring compounds that are readily available, cost-effective, and environmentally benign. Various fundamental aspects of the DES-type CE media were investigated, including thermal property, viscosity, electroconductivity, Joule heating effect, and compatibility with detectors. A simulated complex mixture of ten naphthalene-based compounds with varied charges and sizes was separated using the DES-based medium in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) mode. Moreover, we also established a DES-based micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) system utilizing Tween-20 as the surfactant. Six structurally similar naphthalene derivatives (isomers) that couldn't be resolved by CZE were effectively separated due to their strong hydrophobic interaction with Tween-20 micelles within the DES medium. Given that DESs are "designer" solvents with highly tunable properties and environmentally friendly characteristics, this study demonstrates the potential of employing DESs as an alternative to organic solvents for greener CE separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China.
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Shah PA, Shrivastav PS, Sharma VS, Chavda V. Uncovering the green frontier: harnessing deep eutectic solvents for sustainable bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:815-821. [PMID: 37551894 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka A Shah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Pranav S Shrivastav
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Vinay S Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Vishwajit Chavda
- Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
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Merib J. High-throughput platforms for microextraction techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-022-04504-7. [PMID: 36598538 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The proposal of high-throughput platforms in microextraction-based approaches is important to offer sustainable and efficient tools in analytical chemistry. Particularly, automated configurations exhibit enormous potential because they provide accurate and precise results in addition to less analyst intervention. Recently, significant achievements have been obtained in proposing affordable platforms for microextraction techniques capable of being integrated with different analytical instrumentations. Considering the evolution of these approaches, this article describes innovative high-throughput platforms that have recently been proposed for the analysis of varied matrices, with special attention to laboratory-made devices. Additionally, some challenges, opportunities, and trends regarding these experimental workflows are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josias Merib
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
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