Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for detection of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) using a specific monoclonal receptor on electrospun Zein-based nanofibers/rGO-modified electrode

An insight into the state of nanotechnology-based electrochemical biosensors for PCOS detection

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting many women of reproductive age all over the world. PCOS is associated with the onset of enduring health complications, notably diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, PCOS escalates the propensity for conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, which can potentially culminate in life-threatening scenarios. A pervasive predicament surrounding PCOS pertains to its underdiagnosis due to discrepancies in diagnostic criteria and the intricacy of available testing methodologies. Consequently, many women encounter substantial delays in diagnosis with traditional diagnostic approaches. Prompt identification is imperative, as any delay can precipitate severe consequences. The conventional techniques employed for PCOS detection typically suffer from suboptimal accuracy, protracted assay times, and inherent limitations, thereby constraining their widespread applicability and accessibility. In response to these challenges, various electrochemical methods leveraging nanotechnology have been documented. In this concise review, we endeavor to delineate the deficiencies associated with established conventional methodologies while accentuating the distinctive attributes and benefits inherent to contemporary biosensors. We place particular emphasis on elucidating the pivotal advancements and recent breakthroughs in the realm of nanotechnology-facilitated biosensors for the detection of PCOS.

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Decorated Electrospun Nanofibers in Biosensors: A Review

Nanomaterials have revolutionized scientific research due to their exceptional physical and chemical capabilities. Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene and its derivates have excellent electrical, optical, thermal, physical, and chemical properties that have made them indispensable in several industries worldwide, including medicine, electronics, and energy. By incorporating carbon-based nanomaterials as nanofillers in electrospun nanofibers (ESNFs), smoother and highly conductive nanofibers can be achieved that possess a large surface area and porosity. This approach provides a superior alternative to traditional materials in the development of improved biosensors. Carbon-based ESNFs, among the most exciting new-generation materials, have many applications, including filtration, pharmaceuticals, biosensors, and membranes. The electrospinning technique is a highly efficient and cost-effective method for producing desired nanofibers compared to other methods. Various types of natural and synthetic organic polymers have been successfully utilized in solution electrospinning to produce nanofibers directly. To create diagnostics devices, various biomolecules like antibodies, enzymes, aptamers, ligands, and even cells can be bound to the surface of nanofibers. Electrospun nanofibers can serve as an immobilization matrix to create a biofunctional surface. Thus, biosensors with desired features can be produced in this way. This study comprehensively reviews biosensors that integrate nanodiamonds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and carbon dots into electrospun nanofibers.

Detection of receptor tyrosine kinase-orphan receptor-2 using an electrochemical immunosensor modified with electrospun nanofibers comprising polyvinylpyrrolidone, soy, and gold nanoparticles

An electrochemical immunosensing platform was developed for the detection of receptor tyrosine kinase-orphan receptor-2 (ROR2) at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the electrospun nanofiber containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), soy, and Au nanoparticles (AuNPs). The PVP/soy/AuNP nanofiber exhibited good electrochemical behavior due to synergistic effects between PVP, soy, and AuNPs. The PVP/soy in the modified film provided good mechanical strength, high porosity, flexible structures, and high specific surface area. On the other hand, the presence of AuNPs effectively improved conductivity, as well as the immobilization of anti-ROR2 on the modified GCE, leading to enhanced sensitivity. Various characterization approaches such as FE-SEM, FTIR, and EDS were used for investigating the morphological and structural features, and the elemental composition. The designed immunosensor performance was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimum conditions with a working potential range from -0.2 to 0.6 V (vs. SCE), sensitivity, linear range (LR), limit of detection (LOD), and correlation coefficient (R2) were acquired at 122.26 μA/cm2 dec, 0.01-1000 pg/mL, 3.39 fg/mL, and 0.9974, respectively. Furthermore, the determination of ROR2 in human plasma samples using the designed immunosensing platform was examined and exhibited satisfactory results including good selectivity against other proteins, reproducibility, and cyclic stability.