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Avila-Sosa R, Nevárez-Moorillón GV, Ochoa-Velasco CE, Navarro-Cruz AR, Hernández-Carranza P, Cid-Pérez TS. Detection of Saffron’s Main Bioactive Compounds and Their Relationship with Commercial Quality. Foods 2022. [PMCID: PMC9601577 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to evaluate the state of saffron’s main bioactive compounds and their relationship with its commercial quality. Saffron is the commercial name for the dried red stigmas of the Crocus sativus L. flower. It owes its sensory and functional properties mainly to the presence of its carotenoid derivatives, synthesized throughout flowering and also during the whole production process. These compounds include crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which are bioactive metabolites. Saffron’s commercial value is determined according to the ISO/TS3632 standard that determines their main apocatotenoids. Other techniques such as chromatography (gas and liquid) are used to detect the apocarotenoids. This, together with the determination of spectral fingerprinting or chemo typing are essential for saffron identification. The determination of the specific chemical markers coupled with chemometric methods favors the discrimination of adulterated samples, possible plants, or adulterating compounds and even the concentrations at which these are obtained. Chemical characterization and concentration of various compounds could be affected by saffron’s geographical origin and harvest/postharvest characteristics. The large number of chemical compounds found in the by-products (flower parts) of saffron (catechin, quercetin, delphinidin, etc.) make it an interesting aromatic spice as a colorant, antioxidant, and source of phytochemicals, which can also bring additional economic value to the most expensive aromatic species in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Avila-Sosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Enrique Ochoa-Velasco
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | - Addí Rhode Navarro-Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | - Paola Hernández-Carranza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | - Teresa Soledad Cid-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Annemer S, Ez zoubi Y, Ramzi A, El Hadrami EM, El Ouali Lalami A, Satrani B, Farah A. Variations in saffron quality in Morocco (Taliouine and Taznakht) according to altitude and provenance: Chemometric investigation. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saoussan Annemer
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
| | - Yassine Ez zoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
- Biotechnology, Environmental Technology and Valorization of Bio‐Resources Team Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Al‐Hoceima Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan Morocco
| | - Amal Ramzi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
| | - El Mestafa El Hadrami
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Fez Regional Health Directorate Fez Meknes El Ghassani Hospital Fez Morocco
| | - Badr Satrani
- Forestry Research Center ‐ Rabat Rabat‐Agdal Morocco
| | - Abdellah Farah
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
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