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Sala G, Gazzonis AL, Pravettoni D, Cafiso A, Grilli G, Ferrulli V, Boccardo A, Di Cesare F, Pavesi LF, Zanzani S. Effective treatment of sarcoptic mange in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) using fluralaner: a case report. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1837-1843. [PMID: 38280082 PMCID: PMC11147896 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
South American Camelids, including alpacas, have gained popularity in Europe as pets and prized wool sources. Skin health concerns, particularly mite infestations, have emerged as a notable problem in these animals. Sarcoptic mange can lead to severe itching, papules, and chronic symptoms such as alopecia, crusts, and emaciation if left untreated. This case report documents a 2-year-old female alpaca suffering from sarcoptic mange. Despite initial treatment with ivermectin, its condition worsened, leading to severe weight loss, abortion, and a continued presence of mites. Considering the lack of effective treatments for sarcoptic mange in alpacas and the unavailability of registered drugs for this species in Italy, fluralaner, a drug previously used in other animal species, has been administered orally at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. Within a week after the treatment with fluralaner, the patient exhibited significant improvement, including the resolution of itching, healing of skin lesions, and an increase in appetite. Follow-up skin scrapings confirmed the absence of mites, and the patient's condition continued to improve. Fluralaner demonstrated to be a highly effective and fast-acting treatment for sarcoptic mange in alpacas, offering potential economic benefits attributed to its single-dose administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Italy
| | - Alessia Libera Gazzonis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Davide Pravettoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Cafiso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Guido Grilli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrulli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Antonio Boccardo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Laura Filippone Pavesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Sergio Zanzani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy
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Dario d'Ovidio, Domenico Santoro. Zoonotic Dermatoses of Exotic Companion Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:511-523. [PMID: 36965883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Integumentary disorders caused by zoonotic agents are very common in exotic companion mammals. This article provides an understanding of the main zoonotic dermatoses including parasitic, fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases to provide the most updated information on their epidemiology, diagnosis, reported clinical signs, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Dario d'Ovidio, White S, Santoro D. Problem-Oriented Approach in Exotic Companion Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:309-326. [PMID: 36965873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Dermatologic disorders are some of the most common conditions affecting exotic companion mammals. This article provides a clinical approach of the conditions presenting with alopecia, pruritus, scaling/crusting, erosion/ulceration, and nodules in order to select and interpret the appropriate diagnostic tests to achieve a diagnosis for a successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario d'Ovidio
- Private Practitioner, Via C. Colombo 118, Arzano, Naples 80022, Italy; Anicura Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, Italy.
| | - Stephen White
- Dermatology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 2108 Tupper Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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White SD. Rabbit Dermatology. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:347-357. [PMID: 36965875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The majority of rabbit skin disease presentations can be divided into pruritus, alopecia, scaling, and nodules. Some disease will have more than one of these clinical signs. Ectoparasites, bacterial and fungal infections, and neoplasia account for most of the causes seen. Diagnostic tests include skin scraping and cytology, microbial culture, and biopsy. Therapy is dependent on cause. In addition to discussing the various causes and their treatments, important clinical care points are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D White
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 2108 Tupper Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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d'Ovidio D, Santoro D. Efficacy of a spot-on combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin against naturally acquired Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in 10 pet rabbits: Retrospective case series. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:3-6. [PMID: 36062517 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatments for sarcoptic mange in rabbits mainly include administration of avermectines every 10-30 days. Recently, a single oral dose of fluralaner has been shown to be effective to treat sarcoptic mange in 12 pet rabbits over a three-month period. OBJECTIVES To retrospectively assess the efficacy of a spot-on combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin (Bravecto Plus) for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in rabbits. ANIMALS Ten client-owned rabbits diagnosed with sarcoptic mange. MATERIALS AND METHODS An application of fluralaner plus moxidectin at an average dose of 25 mg/kg and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively, was administered topically once. Parasitological and dermatological examination was carried out weekly for one month and monthly for three months. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 15 (range 3-48) months. Based on the age of onset, there were three juvenile (<6-month-old) and seven adult-onset cases. Of those, four were generalized (head, feet and/or genital area) and six were localized form (head only). The combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin resulted in 100% eradication of mites and complete resolution of all skin lesions within 21 days. Recurrence was not observed 90 days post-treatment. Relapse was not observed in one case followed up for a further four months and two rabbits followed up for a further six months. The other pets were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results indicated that a single dose of a formulation containing fluralaner plus moxidectin, at 25 mg/kg and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively, was effective for the treatment of naturally occurring sarcoptic mange in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario d'Ovidio
- Private practitioner, Arzano, Italy.,Anicura Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Li L, Zhang Y, Liu T, Xing R, Peng S, Song X, Zou Y, Zhao X, Jia R, Wan H, Yin L, Ye G, Shi F, Zhang Y, Yue G, Yin Z. Structural modification of octadecanoic acid-3,4-tetrahydrofuran diester and the acaricidal activity and mechanism of its derivatives against Sarcoptesscabiei var. Cuniculi. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953284. [PMID: 36071830 PMCID: PMC9442034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Octadecanoic acid-3,4-tetrahydrofuran diester is a compound with acaricidal activity isolated and extracted from neem oil. In this study, a series of derivatives were obtained by structural modification of octadecanoic acid-3,4-tetrahydrofuran diester. The acaricidal activity of these derivatives indicated that introduction of benzyloxy substitution at the 2-position of the furan ring and the formation of a benzoate at the 3,4-position of the furan ring (benzoic acid-2-benzyloxy-3,4-tetrahydrofuran diester) could enhance the acaricidal activity. At concentration of 20, 10, and 5 mg/ml, the median lethal time (LT50) values of benzoic acid-2-benzyloxy-3,4-tetrahydrofuran diester were 16.138, 47.274, and 108.122 min, respectively. The LC50 value of benzoic acid-2-benzyloxy-3,4-tetrahydrofuran diester at 60 min was 5.342 mg/ml. Transmission electron microscopy showed that after treatment with benzoic acid-2-benzyloxy-3,4-tetrahydrofuran diester, the body structure of mites was destroyed; dermal organelles were dissolved; nuclear chromatin was ablated. Further, transcriptome sequencing analysis was used to get insight into the acaricidal mechanism of benzoic acid-2-benzyloxy-3,4-tetrahydrofuran diester. The results showed that its acaricidal mechanism is related to interfering “energy metabolism” in S. scabiei, including processes such as citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation pathway and fatty acid metabolism. Additionally, through the activity detection of the mitochondrial complexes of S. scabiei, it was further verified that the acaricidal mechanism of benzoic acid-2-benzyloxy-3,4-tetrahydrofuran diester was related to the energy metabolism system of S. scabiei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuwei Peng
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongping Wan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongqiong Yin,
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Wells C, Collins CMT. A rapid evidence assessment of the potential risk to the environment presented by active ingredients in the UK's most commonly sold companion animal parasiticides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45070-45088. [PMID: 35461423 PMCID: PMC9209362 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A number of parasiticides are commercially available as companion animal treatments to protect against parasite infestation and are sold in large volumes. These treatments are not intended to enter the wider environment but may be washed off or excreted by treated animals and have ecotoxic impacts. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify the existing evidence for the toxicity of the six most used parasiticides in the UK: imidacloprid, fipronil, fluralaner, afoxolaner, selamectin, and flumethrin. A total of 17,207 published articles were screened, with 690 included in the final evidence synthesis. All parasiticides displayed higher toxicity towards invertebrates than vertebrates, enabling their use as companion animal treatments. Extensive evidence exists of ecotoxicity for imidacloprid and fipronil, but this focuses on exposure via agricultural use and is not representative of environmental exposure that results from use in companion animal treatments, especially in urban greenspace. Little to no evidence exists for the ecotoxicity of the remaining parasiticides. Despite heavy usage, there is currently insufficient evidence to understand the environmental risk posed by these veterinary treatments and further studies are urgently needed to quantify the levels and characterise the routes of environmental exposure, as well as identifying any resulting environmental harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh Wells
- The Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, The Weeks Building, Princes Gardens, London, SW7 1NE UK
| | - C. M. Tilly Collins
- The Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, The Weeks Building, Princes Gardens, London, SW7 1NE UK
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Singh SK, Jaiswal AK, Kumari S, Gaur RS, Sharma P, Khushboo R, Jaiswal M. Therapeutic effects of oral fluralaner in pet rabbits with severe sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei). Vet Parasitol 2022; 304:109693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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