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Chen C, Li Y, Wu Z, Ruan Y, Long T, Wang X, Li W, Ren H, Liao X, Liu Y, Lian X, Sun J. Cat and dog feces as reservoirs of diverse novel antibiotic resistance genes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119690. [PMID: 39068967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Companion animals have the potential to greatly enhance the physical and mental health of humans, thus leading to an increased focus on the interactions between humans and pets. Currently, the inappropriate and excessive utilization of antimicrobial agents has become prevalent in veterinary clinical practice for pets. This antibiotic contamination phenomenon has a profound impact on the enrichment of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in pets. However, the pet-associated resistome, especially the novel ARGs in pets, represents a relatively neglected area. In this study, we successfully constructed a total of 12 libraries using the functional metagenomics approach to assess the diversity of ARGs in pet cats and dogs from four pet hospitals. Through the integration of functional screening and high-throughput sequencing, a total of 122 antibiotic resistance determinants were identified, of which 15 were classified as putative novel ARGs originating from five classes. Functional assessment demonstrated that 6 novel ARGs including one β-lactam, two macrolides, two aminoglycosides, and one rifamycin (RIF), namely blaPF, ermPF, msrPF, aac(6')PF, aph(3')PF, and arrPF, exhibited functionally activity in conferring bacterial phenotypic resistance by increasing the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) with a 4- to 128-fold. Genetic context analysis demonstrated that, with the exception of aac(6')PF and arrPF, the remaining four novel ARGs were found adjacent to mobile genetic elements (MGEs) including IS elements or transposases, which provided a prerequisite for horizontal transfer of these novel ARGs, thereby offering an explanation for their detection in diverse samples collected from various sampling sites. The current study has unveiled the significant role of cat and dog feces as one source of reservoirs of diverse novel ARGs, while also highlighting the potential adverse consequences of their further spread to medically significant pathogens and human commensal organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yali Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tengfei Long
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiran Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xinlei Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Foglia Manzillo V, Peruzy MF, Gizzarelli M, Izzo B, Sarnelli P, Carrella A, Vinciguerra G, Chirollo C, Ben Fayala NEH, Balestrino I, Oliva G. Examining the Veterinary Electronic Antimicrobial Prescriptions for Dogs and Cats in the Campania Region, Italy: Corrective Strategies Are Imperative. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2869. [PMID: 37760269 PMCID: PMC10525136 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Companion animals are increasingly being recognised as important contributors to the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The present work aimed to measure the antimicrobial drug prescribing in dogs and cats in the Campania Region, Italy by analysing the Veterinary Electronic Prescriptions (VEPs) between 2019 and 2020. The medical records associated with antimicrobial drug prescriptions were collected according to the drug administration (systemic or topical) and the rationale for the treatment chosen. In the period under investigation, 166,879 drugs were prescribed of which 129,116 (73.4%) were antimicrobial. A total of 83,965 (65%) antibiotics were prescribed to dogs, 40,477 (31.4%) to cats, and 4674 (3.6%) to other companion animals. In dogs, 90.5% of VEPs prescribed for systemic treatment included an antimicrobial Critically Important or Highly Important or Important for human medicine (WHO, 2018). The most widely prescribed class was fluoroquinolones. The antimicrobials prescribed were mainly metronidazole-spiramycin (29.7%), amoxicillin-clavulanic (19.6%), enrofloxacin and cephalexin in dogs (16.5%) and enrofloxacin (22.6%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (21.4%) in cats. Based on the results, the widespread use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials and the use of molecules for which limitations should be observed according to the EMA guidelines has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Foglia Manzillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.F.M.); (M.F.P.); (M.G.); (N.E.H.B.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Maria Francesca Peruzy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.F.M.); (M.F.P.); (M.G.); (N.E.H.B.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Manuela Gizzarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.F.M.); (M.F.P.); (M.G.); (N.E.H.B.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Berardino Izzo
- Veterinary Pharmacovigilance Center of Campania Region, 80137 Naples, Italy; (B.I.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (G.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Paolo Sarnelli
- Veterinary Pharmacovigilance Center of Campania Region, 80137 Naples, Italy; (B.I.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (G.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Antonio Carrella
- Veterinary Pharmacovigilance Center of Campania Region, 80137 Naples, Italy; (B.I.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (G.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Vinciguerra
- Veterinary Pharmacovigilance Center of Campania Region, 80137 Naples, Italy; (B.I.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (G.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Claudia Chirollo
- Veterinary Pharmacovigilance Center of Campania Region, 80137 Naples, Italy; (B.I.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (G.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Nour El Houda Ben Fayala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.F.M.); (M.F.P.); (M.G.); (N.E.H.B.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Ines Balestrino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.F.M.); (M.F.P.); (M.G.); (N.E.H.B.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.F.M.); (M.F.P.); (M.G.); (N.E.H.B.F.); (G.O.)
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Ylhäinen A, Mölsä S, Grönthal T, Junnila J, Rantala M, Laitinen-Vapaavuori O, Thomson K. A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled non-inferiority trial protocol for postoperative infections associated with canine pyometra. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:77. [PMID: 37340459 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03629-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyometra is a common infectious condition, especially in elderly bitches. In addition to an infected uterus, dogs may have concurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). The preferred treatment is surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus, whereupon the general prognosis is excellent. In addition, antimicrobial therapy is frequently prescribed for postoperative treatment. However, no research exists on the benefit of postoperative antimicrobial treatment in uncomplicated canine pyometra. Antimicrobial resistance has become a major challenge in treatment of bacterial infections. Diminishing overuse of antimicrobial agents is essential for controlling the development of antimicrobial resistance in both animals and humans. METHODS This double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled two-arm clinical trial is designed to compare the incidence of postoperative infections associated with surgical treatment of uncomplicated pyometra followed by two different treatment protocols. For the study, 150 dogs presenting with an uncomplicated pyometra and that are to undergo surgical treatment will be recruited. Dogs with body weight < 3 or > 93 kg, complicated pyometra, primary disease increasing the risk of infection, or immunosuppressive medication will be excluded. All dogs will receive one dose of sulfadoxine-trimethoprim intravenously as an antimicrobial prophylaxis. Postoperatively, dogs will be randomized to receive either a five-day course of placebo or an active drug, sulfadiazine-trimethoprim orally. During the surgery microbiological samples will be taken from urine and uterine content. The follow-up includes a control visit in 12 days and an interview of the owner 30 days after surgery. If bacteriuria is detected at the time of surgery, a urinary sample will be cultured for bacterial growth at the control visit. The primary outcome is the incidence of a postoperative surgical site infection (SSI), and the secondary outcome is the occurrence of clinical UTI with bacteriuria. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses will be performed to compare outcome incidences between the treatment groups. DISCUSSION Research-based evidence is necessary to create treatment guidelines for judicious use of antimicrobials. The goals of this study are to provide evidence for reducing the use of antimicrobials and targeting the treatment to patients proven to benefit from it. Publishing the trial protocol will increase transparency and promote open science practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ylhäinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49), P.O. Box 57, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Sari Mölsä
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49), P.O. Box 57, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Thomas Grönthal
- Animal Health Diagnostics Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Jouni Junnila
- EstiMates Oy, Tykistökatu 4, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Merja Rantala
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49), P.O. Box 57, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49), P.O. Box 57, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Katariina Thomson
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49), P.O. Box 57, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Evidensia Eläinlääkäripalvelut Oy, Tammiston Kauppatie 29, Vantaa, FI-01510, Finland
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