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Beekman JK, Popol S, Granvogl M, MacMahon S. Occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in infant formulas from Germany. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1656-1671. [PMID: 34237243 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1940308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), 2-monochloropropanediol-1,3-diol (2-MCPD), and glycidol are heat-induced processing contaminants formed during the deodorisation step of edible oil refining. Because these compounds are potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic, their presence in refined oils and fats and foods containing these oils/fats poses possible health concerns. In particular, formula-fed infants may be exposed to these compounds due to their presence in commercial infant formulas. For this reason, in 2018, the European Union established maximum limits for glycidyl esters in oils/fats and infant formulas and recently, as of January 2021, implemented regulations for the sum of free 3-MCPD and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters as well. This work involved the analysis of 3-MCPD and glycidyl ester contents in 45 infant formula products purchased from German supermarkets in 2019. The data produced in this study showed that average contaminant concentrations across all manufacturers were exceptionally low, with 100% of the products analysed falling below the current EU regulation for glycidyl esters in powdered formulas and 96% of the products analysed meeting the recently implemented regulation for the sum of free and bound 3-MCPD. In addition, a comparison of the 2019 data set to occurrence data collected for German formulas purchased in 2015 showed that average bound 3-MCPD and glycidol concentrations have decreased (from 0.094 to 0.054 µg g-1 and from 0.010 to 0.006 µg g-1, respectively), likely indicating that additional/improved mitigation measures for reducing contaminant concentrations in infant formulas have been implemented over the 4-year period. The data collected in this occurrence study are suitable for estimating levels of exposure to these compounds for German infants.Abbreviations: 2-MCPD: 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol; 3-MCPD: 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol; ARA: arachidonic acid; CE: collision energy; CXP: collision cell exit potential; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; DP: declustering potential; EP: entrance potential; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; EtOAc: ethyl acetate; IPA: isopropanol; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; MeOH: methanol; MTBE: methyl tert-butyl ether; SPE: solid-phase extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Beekman
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, United States
| | - Samanta Popol
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael Granvogl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (170a), Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, United States
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Beekman JK, Grassi K, MacMahon S. Updated occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas purchased in the United States between 2017 and 2019. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:374-390. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1706002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Beekman
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kaitlin Grassi
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
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Beekman J, MacMahon S. The impact of infant formula production on the concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:48-60. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1672898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beekman
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Leigh J, MacMahon S. Occurrence of 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in commercial infant formulas in the United States. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:356-370. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1276304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Leigh
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), College Park, MD, USA
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Leigh JK, MacMahon S. Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection of 3-Monochloropropanediol Esters and Glycidyl Esters in Infant Formula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9442-9451. [PMID: 27960288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for the extraction of fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and glycidol from infant formula, followed by quantitative analysis of the extracts using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These process-induced chemical contaminants are found in refined vegetable oils, and studies have shown that they are potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic, making their presence in edible oils (and processed foods containing these oils) a potential health risk. The extraction procedure involves a liquid-liquid extraction, where powdered infant formula is dissolved in water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Following shaking, centrifugation, and drying of the organic phase, the resulting fat extract is cleaned-up using solid-phase extraction and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Method performance was confirmed by verifying the percent recovery of each 3-MCPD and glycidyl ester in a homemade powdered infant formula reference material. Average ester recoveries in the reference material ranged from 84.9 to 109.0% (0.6-9.5% RSD). The method was also validated by fortifying three varieties of commercial infant formulas with a 3-MCPD and glycidyl ester solution. Average recoveries of the esters across all concentrations and varieties of infant formula ranged from 88.7 to 107.5% (1.0-9.5% RSD). Based on the validation results, this method is suitable for producing 3-MCPD and glycidyl ester occurrence data in all commercially available varieties of infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Leigh
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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Nguyen HD, Löf D, Hvilsted S, Daugaard AE. Highly Branched Bio-Based Unsaturated Polyesters by Enzymatic Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8100363. [PMID: 30974637 PMCID: PMC6432132 DOI: 10.3390/polym8100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A one-pot, enzyme-catalyzed bulk polymerization method for direct production of highly branched polyesters has been developed as an alternative to currently used industrial procedures. Bio-based feed components in the form of glycerol, pentaerythritol, azelaic acid, and tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) were polymerized using an immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) and the potential for an enzymatic synthesis of alkyds was investigated. The developed method enables the use of both glycerol and also pentaerythritol (for the first time) as the alcohol source and was found to be very robust. This allows simple variations in the molar mass and structure of the polyester without premature gelation, thus enabling easy tailoring of the branched polyester structure. The postpolymerization crosslinking of the polyesters illustrates their potential as binders in alkyds. The formed films had good UV stability, very high water contact angles of up to 141° and a glass transition temperature that could be controlled through the feed composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - David Löf
- Hempel A/S, Lundtoftegårdsvej 91, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Søren Hvilsted
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anders Egede Daugaard
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Choi BS, Choi J, Bak S, Koo S. Regioselective Synthesis of 1,3- and 1,2-Tocopheryl Glyceride Ethers of Carboxylic Acids. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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MacMahon S, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United States. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:2081-92. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.840805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Synthesis of new (arylcarbonyloxy)aminopropanol derivatives and the determination of their physico-chemical properties. OPEN CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-013-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEight hydrochlorides of 3-{2-[(2/4-fluorophenoxy)-ethylamino]}-2-hydroxypropyl-4-alkoxybenzoates and four hydrochlorides of 3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropyl-4-butoxybenzoates were prepared as potential antagonists of the β1-adrenergic receptor (beta-blockers). A multistep synthesis of these compounds is described as well as their detailed analytical characterization. The pharmacokinetic properties of these weak base compounds are significantly influenced by their acid-base dissociation constant, pK a. The knowledge of this value is crucial for new drug development. This paper is aimed at developing a methodology that utilizes pH-dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy for its routine analysis. The selected predicted physico-chemical parameters of the new (arylcarbonyloxy)aminopropanols (i.e., aryloxyaminopropanol derivatives) were compared with the model drugs esmolol and flestolol.
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Müller CE, Zell D, Hrdina R, Wende RC, Wanka L, Schuler SMM, Schreiner PR. Lipophilic Oligopeptides for Chemo- and Enantioselective Acyl Transfer Reactions onto Alcohols. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8465-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401195c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian E. Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Zell
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Radim Hrdina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Raffael C. Wende
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lukas Wanka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sören M. M. Schuler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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MacMahon S, Mazzola E, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. Analysis of processing contaminants in edible oils. Part 1. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the direct detection of 3-monochloropropanediol monoesters and glycidyl esters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4737-4747. [PMID: 23590632 DOI: 10.1021/jf4005803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method has been developed and validated for the detection of glycidyl esters (GEs) and 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) monoesters in edible oils. The target compounds represent two classes of potentially carcinogenic chemical contaminants formed during the processing of edible oils. Target analytes are separated from edible oil matrices using a two-step solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure. The extracts are then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI). Chromatographic conditions that separate sn-1 and sn-2 monoesters of 3-MCPD have been developed for the first time. The method has been validated for GEs, sn-1 3-MCPD monoesters of lauric, myristic, linolenic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids, and sn-2 3-MCPD monoesters of oleic and palmitic acids in coconut, olive, and palm oils using an external calibration curve. The range of average recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) across the three oil matrices at three spiking concentrations are 84-115% (3-16% RSD) for the GEs, 95-113% (1-10% RSD) for the sn-1 3-MCPD monoesters, and 76.8-103% (5.1-11.2% RSD) for the sn-2 3-MCPD monoesters, with limits of quantitation at or below 30 ng/g for the GEs, 60 ng/g for sn-1 3-MCPD monoesters, and 180 ng/g for sn-2 3-MCPD monoesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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Whitten KM, Makriyannis A, Vadivel SK. Application of Chemoenzymatic Hydrolysis in the Synthesis of 2-Monoacylglycerols. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:5422-5428. [PMID: 22822273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The selective biocatalyzed synthesis of 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs) through the use of commercially available immobilized Candida antarctica (Novozym435) and Rhizomucor miehei is explored. Reactions at room temperature result in the formation of a 2-MAG and a corresponding ethyl ester of the fatty acid with immobilized Candida antarctica within 2h with yields ranging from 36%-83%. Similar reaction conditions with immobilized Rhizomucor miehei yielded exclusively the 2-MAG after 24h with yields ranging from 37% to 88%. Yields vary on the acyl group at the sn-2 position and choice of enzyme involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Whitten
- Center for Drug Discovery, 116 Mugar Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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Kamata K, Sugahara K, Yonehara K, Ishimoto R, Mizuno N. Efficient Epoxidation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by [γ-PW10O38V2(μ-OH)2]3−. Chemistry 2011; 17:7549-59. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yasukawa T, Miyamura H, Kobayashi S. Rate-Acceleration in Gold-Nanocluster-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Esterification Using 1,2- and 1,3-Diols and Their Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2010; 6:621-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Acquaah-Harrison G, Zhou S, Hines JV, Bergmeier SC. Library of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogs of oxazolidinone RNA-binding agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:491-6. [PMID: 20557032 DOI: 10.1021/cc100029y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of small molecules that target RNA is immensely important in antibacterial therapy. We had previously reported on the RNA binding of a series of 4,5-disubstituted 2-oxazolidinones that bind to a highly conserved bulge region of bacterial RNA. This biological target T box antitermination system, which is found mainly in Gram-positive bacteria, regulates the expression of several amino acid related genes. In an effort to amplify our library, we have prepared a library of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogs that entails an isosteric replacement of the oxazolidinone nucleus. The synthesis of the new analogs was enhanced via copper(I) catalysis of an azide and alkyne cycloaddition reaction. A total of 108 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole compounds have been prepared. All compounds were evaluated as RNA binding agents.
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Vaique E, Guy A, Couedelo L, Gosse I, Durand T, Cansell M, Pinet S. Rapid access to structured triacylglycerols acylated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for nutritional applications. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hill ML, Corbin IR, Levitin RB, Cao W, Mainprize JG, Yaffe MJ, Zheng G. In vitro assessment of poly-iodinated triglyceride reconstituted low-density lipoprotein: initial steps toward CT molecular imaging. Acad Radiol 2010; 17:1359-65. [PMID: 20719547 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Targeted molecular probes offer the potential for greater specificity in cancer imaging with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). We investigate a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) nanoparticle loaded with poly-iodinated triglyceride (ITG) in a proof of concept study of targeted x-ray imaging. LDLs are targeted to the LDL cell surface receptor (LDLR), which is overexpressed in several tumor types. The LDL-LDLR pathway presents a high-capacity and self-renewing transport system for molecular imaging in CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS ITG was synthesized and loaded into the core of LDL particles to form a reconstituted nanoparticle, hereafter referred to as (rITG)LDL. Particle size was measured by dynamic light scattering. The x-ray attenuation of the (rITG)LDL solution was measured with CT imaging and signal enhancement was calibrated for equivalent iodine concentration. Cultured human hepatoblastoma G2 (HepG2) cells, which overexpress LDLR, were incubated with (rITG)LDL with or without native LDL. The cells were imaged with CT to characterize particle sequestration. RESULTS Reconstitution of LDL with ITG was successful and did not compromise the targeting function of the particle. Measurement of the x-ray attenuation properties of the (rITG)LDL solution revealed an effective iodine concentration of 0.78 mg/mL. In vitro studies of HepG2 cells demonstrated a significant increase in CT image intensity over control cells when incubated with (rITG)LDL. CONCLUSION The in vitro results of this study suggest that (rITG)LDL can provide adequate image enhancement for CT molecular imaging. Potential applications include breast imaging and small animal imaging at low x-ray energies. In vivo experiments will be required to verify that tumor uptake of (rITG)LDL is sufficient for enhanced detection. Use at higher x-ray energies, as used in conventional CT, will require a further increase in iodine loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Hill
- Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Room S6-57, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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Stamatov SD, Stawinski J. O-Silylated C3-halohydrins as a novel class of protected building blocks for total, regio- and stereocontrolled synthesis of glycerolipid frameworks. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:463-77. [DOI: 10.1039/b915533c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stamatov SD, Stawinski J. Regioselective and Stereospecific Halosilylating Cleavage of the Oxirane System of Glycidol Derivatives as an Efficient Strategy to C2-O-Functionalized C3-Vicinal Halohydrins. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stamatov SD, Stawinski J. Regioselective and stereospecific acylation across oxirane- and silyloxy systems as a novel strategy to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure mono-, di- and triglycerides. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3787-800. [DOI: 10.1039/b713246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stamatov SD, Stawinski J. Regioselective and stereospecific cleavage of a terminal oxirane system: A novel synthetic approach to lipid mediator congeners—1,2(2,3)-diacyl-3(1)-halo-sn-glycerols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3388-91. [PMID: 16677811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycidyl esters upon treatment with a mixture of carboxylic acid anhydride (CAA) and trimethylsilyl halide (TMSX) in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium halide (Bu(4)NX, X=Cl, Br or I) undergo stereospecific and regioselective opening of the oxirane ring to afford mixed-(or mono)-acid 1,2(2,3)-diacyl-3(1)-halo-sn-glycerols in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan D Stamatov
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Plovdiv, 24 Tsar Assen St., Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
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Stamatov SD, Kullberg M, Stawinski J. A direct transformation of O-silyl groups into O-trichloroacetates. A novel synthetic approach to protein kinase C ligands: 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl- and 1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerols. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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