1
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Glaser F, Wenger OS. Sensitizer-controlled photochemical reactivity via upconversion of red light. Chem Sci 2022; 14:149-161. [PMID: 36605743 PMCID: PMC9769107 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the energy input from two red photons, chemical reactions that would normally require blue or ultraviolet irradiation become accessible. Key advantages of this biphotonic excitation strategy are that red light usually penetrates deeper into complex reaction mixtures and causes less photo-damage than direct illumination in the blue or ultraviolet. Here, we demonstrate that the primary light-absorber of a dual photocatalytic system comprised of a transition metal-based photosensitizer and an organic co-catalyst can completely alter the reaction outcome. Photochemical reductions are achieved with a copper(i) complex in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, whereas oxidative substrate activation occurs with an osmium(ii) photosensitizer. Based on time-resolved laser spectroscopy, this changeover in photochemical reactivity is due to different underlying biphotonic mechanisms. Following triplet energy transfer from the osmium(ii) photosensitizer to 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, the fluorescent singlet excited state of DCA triggers oxidative substrate activation, which initiates the cis to trans isomerization of an olefin, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, an aryl ether to ester rearrangement, and a Newman-Kwart rearrangement. This oxidative substrate activation stands in contrast to the reactivity with a copper(i) photosensitizer, where photoinduced electron transfer generates the DCA radical anion, which upon further excitation triggers reductive dehalogenations and detosylations. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for controlling the outcome of a red-light driven biphotonic reaction by altering the photosensitizer, and this seems relevant in the greater context of tailoring photochemical reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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2
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Liu R, Xia M, Ling C, Fu S, Liu B. Construction of the Tetracyclic Core Structure of Dysiherbols A–C. Org Lett 2022; 24:1642-1646. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Mengwei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cichang Ling
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shaomin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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3
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Sivanandan ST, Bharath Krishna R, Baiju TV, Mohan C. Visible‐Light‐Mediated Ring‐Opening Reactions of Cyclopropanes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Bharath Krishna
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam 686560 India
| | - Thekke V. Baiju
- Department of chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Chithra Mohan
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam 686560 India
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4
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McDonald TR, Mills LR, West MS, Rousseaux SAL. Selective Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage of Cyclopropanols. Chem Rev 2020; 121:3-79. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. McDonald
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - L. Reginald Mills
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Michael S. West
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sophie A. L. Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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6
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Hasegawa E, Nemoto K, Nagumo R, Tayama E, Iwamoto H. Solvent-Dependent Reaction Pathways Operating in Copper(II) Tetrafluoroborate Promoted Oxidative Ring-Opening Reactions of Cyclopropyl Silyl Ethers. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2692-703. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eietsu Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nemoto
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nagumo
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Eiji Tayama
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hajime Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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7
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In situ generated tris(p-bromophenyl)amine radical cation promoted electron transfer reaction of cyclopropyl silyl ethers. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Horvat M, Görner H, Warzecha KD, Neudörfl J, Griesbeck AG, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Basarić N. Photoinitiated domino reactions: N-(adamantyl)phthalimides and N-(adamantylalkyl)phthalimides. J Org Chem 2009; 74:8219-31. [PMID: 19874065 DOI: 10.1021/jo901753z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalimides 1-6 undergo photochemical reactions upon direct irradiation as well as triplet sensitization and give rise to new products. Besides formation of the primary photoproducts, the first photochemical step initiates a subsequent thermal domino reaction or a domino sequence of a thermal and a photochemical reaction. The latter, involving two photochemical intramolecular gamma-H abstractions, was observed with phthalimides 1, 3, and 6 and delivered stereospecifically the hexacyclic benzazepine products 12, 19, and 27, respectively. The lowest triplet states of 1-6 were characterized in several solvents upon direct and acetone-sensitized excitation. The intermolecular electron transfer from triethylamine and DABCO was studied, and the radical anions were observed. Electrochemical measurements showed that intramolecular electron transfer from the adamantyl group of 1-6 to the lowest triplet state of the phthalimides is not feasible. The formation of products can be explained by intramolecular H-abstraction from the (alkyl)adamantane to the excited phthalimide, either from the excited singlet state or a hidden upper excited triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Horvat
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Bosković Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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9
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Laroche C, Kerwin SM. Lithiation and functionalization of 1-alkynylimidazoles at the 2-position. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Tsuchida H, Tamura M, Hasegawa E. Cyclization and Ring-Expansion Processes Involving Samarium Diiodide Promoted Reductive Formation and Subsequent Oxidative Ring Opening of Cyclopropanol Derivatives. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2467-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802749g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsuchida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi-2 8050, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Tamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi-2 8050, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Eietsu Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi-2 8050, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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11
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Yoshimi Y, Wada N, Sasamoto K, Itou T, Hatanaka M. Photoreduction of 1,2-Diarylcyclopropanes by Hydroxide Ion. CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2008.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Hoffmann N. Efficient photochemical electron transfer sensitization of homogeneous organic reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- Laboratoire des Réactions Sélectives et Applications, UMR 6519 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, Cedex 02, France
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14
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Hasegawa E, Yamaguchi N, Muraoka H, Tsuchida H. Electron Transfer Promoted Regioselective Ring-Opening Reaction of Cyclopropyl Silyl Ethers. Org Lett 2007; 9:2811-4. [PMID: 17595095 DOI: 10.1021/ol0709937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative ring-opening reactions of cyclopropyl silyl ethers incorporated into bicyclo[m.1.0]alkane framework were investigated. The results show that the regioselectivities for ring-opening of intermediate radical cations, formed by single electron transfer, are governed by the nature of the nucleophile as well as oxidizing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eietsu Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi-2 8050, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
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15
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Fagnoni M, Dondi D, Ravelli D, Albini A. Photocatalysis for the Formation of the C−C Bond. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2725-56. [PMID: 17530909 DOI: 10.1021/cr068352x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Fagnoni
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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16
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Liégault B, Renaud JL, Bruneau C. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Functional Tetralinsvia Benzylic Activation. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200600547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Facile ring opening of siloxy cyclopropanes by photoinduced electron transfer. A new way to β-keto radicals. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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