1
|
Hsia YT, Lu YL, Bai R, Badsara SS, Lee CF. Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles via arylation of ortho-alkynylanilines with arylsiloxanes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7602-7610. [PMID: 37681659 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the electrophilic cyclization of N,N-dimethyl-o-alkynylanilines with arylsiloxanes in the presence of [Pd(OAc)2] and Ag2O catalytic system, which leads to the efficient synthesis of indoles, similar to the one that is obtained through Larock indole synthesis. A range of aryl(trimethoxy)silanes with EDGs and EWGs were successfully utilized for the synthesis of a diverse variety of substituted indoles via the cleavage of the C-Si bond. This protocol exhibits good functional group tolerance and wide substrate scope to provide 2,3-diaryl-N-methylindoles in 26-88% yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ting Hsia
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402, Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Lin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402, Republic of China.
| | - Rekha Bai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402, Republic of China.
| | - Satpal Singh Badsara
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India.
| | - Chin-Fa Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402, Republic of China.
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Transition Metal Catalyzed Hiyama Cross-Coupling: Recent Methodology Developments and Synthetic Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175654. [PMID: 36080422 PMCID: PMC9458230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hiyama cross-coupling is a versatile reaction in synthetic organic chemistry for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds. It involves the coupling of organosilicons with organic halides using transition metal catalysts in good yields and high enantioselectivities. In recent years, hectic progress has been made by researchers toward the synthesis of diversified natural products and pharmaceutical drugs using the Hiyama coupling reaction. This review emphasizes the recent synthetic developments and applications of Hiyama cross-coupling.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kinzhalov MA, Luzyanin KV. Synthesis and Contemporary Applications of Platinum Group Metals Complexes with Acyclic Diaminocarbene Ligands (Review). RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023622010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
4
|
Ghamari Kargar P, Bagherzade G. A Green Synthesis Strategy of Binuclear Catalyst for the C-C Cross-Coupling Reactions in the Aqueous Medium: Hiyama and Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions as Case Studies. Front Chem 2021; 9:747016. [PMID: 34912778 PMCID: PMC8667276 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.747016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose, as a green and available phytochemical, was immobilized on the surface of magnetite nanoparticles then doped with imidazole and Co. complex (Fe3O4@CNF ∼ ImSBL ∼ Co.) and used as a water-dispersible, recyclable and efficient nano catalyst for the synthesis of C-C cross-coupling reactions including fluoride-free Hiyama and Suzuki reactions in an aqueous medium as an efficient and vital solvent, due to their high application and importance in various fields of science. Different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used for the catalyst characterization such XRD, FESEM, TEM, FT-IR, EDX, DLS, VSM, UV-Vis, and ICP analyses. The presence of imidazole as ionic section tags with hydrophilic character on the Co-complex supported on magnetic nanoparticles provides dispersion of the catalyst particles in water, which leads to both higher catalytic performance and also facile catalyst recovery and reuse six times by successive extraction and final magnetic separation. High catalytic activity was found for the catalyst and high to excellent efficiency was obtained for all Suzuki (80-98% yield; E factor: 1.1-1.9) and Hiyama (87-98% yield; E factor: 0.26-1.1) derivatives in short reaction times under mild reaction conditions in the absence of any hazardous or expensive materials. There is not any noticeable by-product found whether for Suzuki or Hiyama derivatives, which reflects the high selectivity and also the lower the E factor the more favorable is the process in view of green chemistry. The bi-aryls were achieved from the reaction of various aryl iodides/bromides and even chlorides as the highly challenging substrates, which are more available and cheaper, with triethoxyphenylsilane or phenylboronic acid. To prove the performance of the catalyst components (synergistic of SBL ∼ Co. and IL), its different homologs were incorporated individually and studied for a model reaction. Exclusively, this is an introductory statement on the use of Cobalt binuclear symmetric ionic liquid catalysts in Hiyama reactions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ayogu JI, Onoabedje EA. Prospects and Applications of Palladium Nanoparticles in the Cross-coupling of (hetero)aryl Halides and Related Analogues. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:430-450. [PMID: 33590728 PMCID: PMC8015734 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering efficient methods for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds is a central ongoing theme in organic synthesis. Cross-coupling reactions catalysed by metal nanoparticles are attractive alternatives to the traditional use of metal counterparts due to the catalytic tunability, selectivity, recyclability and reusability of the nanoparticles. The ongoing search for sustainable processes demands that reusable and environmentally benign catalysts are used. While the advantages of nanoparticles catalysts over bulk catalysts cannot be overemphasised, the problem of sintering, agglomeration and leaching are drawbacks to their full industrial applications. Hence, efforts are being made towards advancing the efficiency of the catalytic nanoparticle systems over the years. This review presents the progress, the challenges and the prospects of palladium nanoparticle with focus on Heck, Suzuki, Hiyama and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions involving (hetero) aryl halides and the analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jude I. Ayogu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical ScienceUniversity of CanterburyChristchurch8040New Zealand
- Department of Pure and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of NigeriaNsukka410001Nigeria
| | - Efeturi A. Onoabedje
- Department of Pure and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of NigeriaNsukka410001Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tetrabutylphosphonium 4-ethoxyvalerate as a biomass-originated media for homogeneous palladium-catalyzed Hiyama coupling reactions. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe introduction of a biomass-derived ionic liquid into the Hiyama coupling reactions, which has been considered as a powerful tool for the synthesis of symmetrically and non-symmetrically substituted biaryl structures, could further control or even reduce the environmental impact of this transformation. It was shown that tetrabutylphosphonium 4-ethoxyvalerate, a γ-valerolactone-based ionic liquid, can be utilized as an alternative solvent to create carbon–carbon bonds between aryl iodides and functionalized organosilanes in the presence of 1 mol% Pd under typical Hiyama conditions (130 °C, 24 h, tetrabutylammonium fluoride activator). A comparison of different ionic liquids was performed, and the effects of the catalyst precursor and the moisture content of the reaction mixture on the activity of the catalyst system were investigated. The functional group tolerance was also studied, resulting in 15 cross-coupling products (3a–o) with isolated yields of 45–72% and excellent purity (> 98%).
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang C, Liu ZL, Dai DT, Li Q, Ma WW, Zhao M, Xu YH. Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Protosilylation and Protoborylation of 2-Trifluoromethyl Enynes for Synthesis of Functionalized Allenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:1360-1367. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zheng-Li Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dong-Ting Dai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei-Wei Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yun-He Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Rh(I) complex with an annulated N-heterocyclic carbene ligand for E-selective alkyne hydrosilylation. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
9
|
Jiang C, Wu W, Lu H, Yu T, Xu W, Wei H. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hiyama Coupling Reaction of Unstrained Ketones via C−C Bond Cleavage. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Wen‐Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Hong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Tian‐Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Wen‐Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Hao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kurandina D, Parasram M, Gevorgyan V. Visible Light-Induced Room-Temperature Heck Reaction of Functionalized Alkyl Halides with Vinyl Arenes/Heteroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14212-14216. [PMID: 28941019 PMCID: PMC5728111 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first visible light-induced Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction of α-heteroatom substituted alkyl iodides and -bromides with vinyl arenes/heteroarenes has been developed. This transformation efficiently proceeds at room temperature and enables synthesis of valuable functionalized allylic systems, such as allylic silanes, boronates, germanes, stannanes, pivalates, phosphonates, phthalimides, and tosylates from the corresponding α-substituted methyl iodides. Notably, synthesis of the latter substrates failed under existing thermally induced Pd-catalyzed conditions, which highlights the importance of visible light for this transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kurandina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| | - Marvin Parasram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kurandina D, Parasram M, Gevorgyan V. Visible Light‐Induced Room‐Temperature Heck Reaction of Functionalized Alkyl Halides with Vinyl Arenes/Heteroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kurandina
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago Illinois 60607-7061 USA
| | - Marvin Parasram
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago Illinois 60607-7061 USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago Illinois 60607-7061 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yan Z, Xie J, Zhu C. Copper-Catalyzed Radical Silylarylation of Ynones with Silanes: En Route to Silyl-Functionalized Indenones. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yuen OY, So CM, Man HW, Kwong FY. A General Palladium-Catalyzed Hiyama Cross-Coupling Reaction of Aryl and Heteroaryl Chlorides. Chemistry 2016; 22:6471-6. [PMID: 26998586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A general palladium-catalyzed Hiyama cross-coupling reaction of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides with aryl and heteroaryl trialkoxysilanes by a Pd(OAc)2 /L2 catalytic system is presented. A newly developed water addition protocol can dramatically improve the product yields. The conjugation of the Pd/L2 system and the water addition protocol can efficiently catalyze a broad range of electron-rich, -neutral, -deficient, and sterically hindered aryl chlorides and heteroaryl chlorides with excellent yields within three hours and the catalyst loading can be down to 0.05 mol % Pd for the first time. Hiyama coupling of heteroaryl chlorides with heteroaryl silanes is also reported for the first time. The reaction can be easily scaled up 200 times (100 mmol) without any degasification and purification of reactants; this facilitates the practical application in routine synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- On Ying Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. of China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Shenzhen, P. R. of China
| | - Chau Ming So
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. of China. .,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Shenzhen, P. R. of China.
| | - Ho Wing Man
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. of China
| | - Fuk Yee Kwong
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. of China. .,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Shenzhen, P. R. of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Christmann M, Hu J, Kitamura M, Stoltz B. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(15)00744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Thapa S, Basnet P, Gurung SK, Giri R. Copper-catalysed cross-coupling of arylzirconium reagents with aryl and heteroaryl iodides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4009-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented CuI-catalysed cross-coupling of arylzirconium reagents with aryl and heteroaryl iodides is reported. Mechanistic studies with a Cp2ZrAr2 complex revealed that Cp2Zr(Ar)(Cl) is the reactive species that undergoes transmetalation with (PN-1)CuI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Thapa
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- The University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Prakash Basnet
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- The University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Santosh K. Gurung
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- The University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Ramesh Giri
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- The University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Traficante CI, Mata EG, Delpiccolo CML. Very efficient and broad-in-scope palladium-catalyzed Hiyama cross-coupling. The role of water and copper(i) salts. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03732h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A very high-yielding Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling between aryl halides and aryl(trialkoxy)silanes is achieved in the presence of Cu(i) and a measured amount of water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla I. Traficante
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- 2000 Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Ernesto G. Mata
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- 2000 Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Carina M. L. Delpiccolo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- 2000 Rosario
- Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thapa S, Shrestha B, Gurung SK, Giri R. Copper-catalysed cross-coupling: an untapped potential. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4816-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Copper is emerging as a viable catalytic metal for cross-coupling reactions to construct carbon–carbon (C–C) bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Thapa
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- The University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Bijay Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- The University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Santosh K. Gurung
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- The University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Ramesh Giri
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- The University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Triaryl- and Trialkylindium Reagents with Aryl Iodides and Bromides through Consecutive Transmetalations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11620-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
19
|
Thapa S, Gurung SK, Dickie DA, Giri R. Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Triaryl- and Trialkylindium Reagents with Aryl Iodides and Bromides through Consecutive Transmetalations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Cebrián C, de Mata Muñoz J, Strassert CA, Prieto P, Díaz-Ortiz Á, De Cola L, de la Hoz A. Synthesis of Bright Alkenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazoles: A Theoretical and Photophysical Study. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
21
|
Djakovitch L, Felpin FX. Direct C sp2H and C sp3H Arylation Enabled by Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
22
|
Tan X, Zhou ZJ, Zhang JX, Duan XH. Efficient One-Pot Cross-Coupling of Two Aryl Halides by Stannylation/Stille Reaction in Water under Microwave Irradiation. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
23
|
Traficante CI, Delpiccolo CML, Mata EG. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of arylsiloxanes with aryl halides: application to solid-supported organic synthesis. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:211-4. [PMID: 24689507 DOI: 10.1021/co5000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The solid-phase version of the Pd-catalyzed Hiyama reaction between a variety of aryltriethoxysilanes and immobilized aryl halides was developed. Smooth cross-coupling was achieved to afford the corresponding biaryl products in moderate to excellent yields. The described protocol would be particularly useful for the construction of 4'-substituted 1,1'-biphenyl derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla I. Traficante
- Instituto
de Química
Rosario (CONICET—UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas
y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha
531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carina M. L. Delpiccolo
- Instituto
de Química
Rosario (CONICET—UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas
y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha
531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ernesto G. Mata
- Instituto
de Química
Rosario (CONICET—UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas
y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha
531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Giri R, Thapa S, Kafle A. Palladium‐Catalysed, Directed CH Coupling with Organometallics. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Giri
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA, Fax: (+1)‐505‐277‐2609; phone: (+1) 505‐277‐1070
| | - Surendra Thapa
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA, Fax: (+1)‐505‐277‐2609; phone: (+1) 505‐277‐1070
| | - Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA, Fax: (+1)‐505‐277‐2609; phone: (+1) 505‐277‐1070
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Minami Y, Shimizu K, Tsuruoka C, Komiyama T, Hiyama T. Synthesis of HOMSi Reagents by Pd/Cu-Catalyzed Silylation of Bromoarenes with Disilanes. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University
- JST, ACT-C
| | | | | | | | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University
- JST, ACT-C
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li Z, Lin S, Ji L, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Ding Y. Nanoporous palladium catalyzed silicon-based one-pot cross-coupling reaction of aryl iodides with organosilanes. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00256c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-pot cross-coupling of aryl iodides with organosilanes is realized using dealloyed nanoporous palladium as a sustainable and heterogeneous catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Li
- Center for Advanced Energy Materials & Technology Research (AEMT)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
| | - Sha Lin
- Center for Advanced Energy Materials & Technology Research (AEMT)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lisha Ji
- Center for Advanced Energy Materials & Technology Research (AEMT)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250061, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Center for Advanced Energy Materials & Technology Research (AEMT)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Center for Advanced Energy Materials & Technology Research (AEMT)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Martínez R, Pastor IM, Yus M. 1,2-Functionalized Imidazoles as Palladium Ligands: An Efficient and Robust Catalytic System for the Fluorine-Free Hiyama Reaction. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
28
|
Gurung SK, Thapa S, Vangala AS, Giri R. Copper-catalyzed Hiyama coupling of (hetero)aryltriethoxysilanes with (hetero)aryl iodides. Org Lett 2013; 15:5378-81. [PMID: 24079478 DOI: 10.1021/ol402701x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Cu(I)-catalyzed Hiyama coupling was achieved, which proceeds in the absence of an ancillary ligand for aryl-heteroaryl and heteroaryl-heteroaryl couplings. A P,N-ligand is required to obtain the best product yields for aryl-aryl couplings. In addition to facilitating transmetalation, CsF is also found to function as a stabilizer of the [CuAr] species, potentially generated as an intermediate after transmetalation of aryltriethoxysilanes with Cu(I)-catalysts in the absence of ancillary ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Gurung
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gordillo A, Ortuño MA, López-Mardomingo C, Lledós A, Ujaque G, de Jesús E. Mechanistic studies on the Pd-catalyzed vinylation of aryl halides with vinylalkoxysilanes in water: the effect of the solvent and NaOH promoter. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13749-63. [PMID: 23968504 DOI: 10.1021/ja404255u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed vinylation of aryl halides with vinylalkoxysilanes in water has been studied using different catalytic precursors. The NaOH promoter converts the initial vinylalkoxysilane into a highly reactive water-soluble vinylsilanolate species. Similarly, deuterium-labeling experiments have shown that, irrespective of the catalytic precursor used, vinylation occurs exclusively at the CH vinylic functionality via a Heck reaction and not at the C-Si bond via a Hiyama cross-coupling. The involvement of a Heck mechanism is interpreted in terms of the reduced nucleophilicity of the base in water, which disfavors the transmetalation step. The Heck product (β-silylvinylarene) undergoes partial desilylation, with formation of a vinylarene, by three different routes: (a) hydrolytic desilylation by the aqueous solvent (only at high temperature); (b) transmetalation of the silyl olefin on the PdH Heck intermediate followed by reductive elimination of vinylarene; (c) reinsertion of the silyl olefin into the PdH bond of the Heck intermediate followed by β-Si syn-elimination. Both the Hiyama and Heck catalytic cycles and desilylation mechanisms b and c have been computationally evaluated for the [Pd(en)Cl2] precursor in water as solvent. The calculated Gibbs energy barriers support the reinsertion route proposed on the basis of the experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Gordillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá , Edificio de Farmacia, Campus Universitario, E28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(13)01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
31
|
Fu XP, Xuan QQ, Liu L, Wang D, Chen YJ, Li CJ. Dual C–H activations of electron-deficient heteroarenes: palladium-catalyzed oxidative cross coupling of thiazoles with azine N-oxides. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
Kumar A, Ghosh P. Studies of the Electronic Properties of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands in the Context of Homogeneous Catalysis and Bioorganometallic Chemistry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
33
|
Hajipour AR, Rafiee F. Application of a dimeric ortho-palladated complex of tribenzylamine as an efficient catalyst in microwave-assisted Hiyama coupling reactions. Appl Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan; 84156; Iran
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang L, Li P, Li H, Wang L. A recyclable magnetic nanoparticles supported palladium catalyst for the Hiyama reaction of aryltrialkoxysilanes with aryl halides. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Shainyan BA, Kleinpeter E. Conformational preferences of Si–Ph,H and Si–Ph,Me silacyclohexanes and 1,3-thiasilacyclohexanes. Additivity of conformational energies in 1,1-disubstituted heterocyclohexanes. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
36
|
Hajipour AR, Karami K, Rafiee F. An efficient Stille cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by ortho-palladated complex of tribenzylamine under microwave irradiation. Appl Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazem Karami
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan; 84156; IR; Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rafiee
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan; 84156; IR; Iran
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sore HF, Galloway WRJD, Spring DR. Palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of organosilicon reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:1845-66. [PMID: 22048071 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The palladium catalysed cross-coupling of organosilicon reagents with organo halides and pseudo-halides has developed over the past 30 years into an efficient and attractive carbon-carbon bond forming strategy. Extensive research within this field to expand and diversify on the scope of the organosilicon coupling reaction will continue to promote its use in the synthesis of biologically and pharmaceutically important organic molecules. The recent advances made within this area are explored in this critical review (199 references).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Sore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cheng K, Wang C, Ding Y, Song Q, Qi C, Zhang XM. Hiyama Cross-Coupling of Arenediazonium Salts under Mild Reaction Conditions. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9261-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cheng
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
and Department of Chemistry, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, People’s Republic of
China
- Zhejiang Huangma Chemical Industry Group Co. Ltd., Shangyu, Zhejiang
Province 312363, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
and Department of Chemistry, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, People’s Republic of
China
| | - Yiyuan Ding
- College of Chemical & Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingbao Song
- College of Chemical & Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenze Qi
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
and Department of Chemistry, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, People’s Republic of
China
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
and Department of Chemistry, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, People’s Republic of
China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Molander GA, Iannazzo L. Palladium-catalyzed Hiyama cross-coupling of aryltrifluorosilanes with aryl and heteroaryl chlorides. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9182-7. [PMID: 21978184 DOI: 10.1021/jo201840n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, palladium-catalyzed Hiyama cross-coupling reaction of aryltrifluorosilanes with aryl chlorides has been developed. A wide variety of functionalized biaryl derivatives were isolated in good to excellent yields. The scope of this reaction has also been extended to heteroaryl chlorides, affording the corresponding heterobiaryl compounds in high yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lim DSW, Anderson EA. One-step preparation of functionalized (E)-vinylsilanes from aldehydes. Org Lett 2011; 13:4806-9. [PMID: 21838273 DOI: 10.1021/ol201833u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized (E)-vinylsilanes have been prepared in one step from a wide range of aldehydes, via a chromium(II)-mediated olefination with novel dihalomethylsilane reagents, in moderate to excellent yields and with excellent stereoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane S W Lim
- Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(11)00770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Han W, Mayer P, Ofial AR. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylations of Azoles with Aryl Silicon and Tin Reagents. Chemistry 2011; 17:6904-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
44
|
Chen XH, Deng Y, Jiang K, Lai GQ, Ni Y, Yang KF, Jiang JX, Xu LW. Neighboring Acetal-Assisted Brønsted-Acid-Catalyzed Si-H Bond Activation: Divergent Synthesis of Functional Siloxanes through Silylation and Hydrolytic Oxidation of Organosilanes. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
45
|
Brenzovich WE, Brazeau JF, Toste FD. Gold-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions with aryltrimethylsilanes. Org Lett 2011; 12:4728-31. [PMID: 21028911 DOI: 10.1021/ol102194c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During continuing studies with a novel oxidative gold oxyarylation reaction, arylsilanes were found to be competent coupling partners, providing further evidence for an intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. While providing yields complementary to those of the previously described boronic acid methods, the use of trimethylsilanes reduces the observation of homocoupling byproducts and allows for facile intramolecular coupling reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E Brenzovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nakao Y, Hiyama T. Silicon-based cross-coupling reaction: an environmentally benign version. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4893-901. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15122c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
47
|
Belen’kii L, Gramenitskaya V, Evdokimenkova Y. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part X, 2005–2007. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385464-3.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
48
|
Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(10)01735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
Błaszczyk I, Trzeciak AM. Suzuki–Miyaura and Hiyama reactions catalyzed by orthopalladated triarylphosphite complexes. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
50
|
Lesbani A, Kondo H, Yabusaki Y, Nakai M, Yamanoi Y, Nishihara H. Integrated Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Heavier Group 14 Hydrides. Chemistry 2010; 16:13519-27. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|