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Zhaojiang S, Lu HK, Li N, Yuan Y, Li Z, Ye KY. Electrochemical oxidative dearomatization of 2-arylthiophenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00312k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a green and sustainable electrochemical oxidative dearomatization of 2-arylthiophenes. The variation of substitution patterns affords easy access toward both the C2/C3 and C2/C5 difunctionalized dearomative products. The...
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Jud W, Sommer F, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Electrochemical α-Arylation of Ketones via Anodic Oxidation of In Situ Generated Silyl Enol Ethers. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16026-16034. [PMID: 34343004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical procedure for the α-arylation of ketones has been developed. The method is based on the generation and one-pot anodic oxidation of silyl enol ethers in the presence of the arene. This strategy avoids isolation of the silyl enol intermediate and the utilization of external supporting electrolytes. Intermolecular arylations, which had not been reported so far, are possible when electron-rich arenes are utilized as coupling partners. The method has been demonstrated for a wide variety of aryl ketones and activated arenes, with moderate to good yields (up to 69%) obtained. Mechanistic insights and a theoretical rationale that explains the ketone α-arylation versus dimerization selectivity are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jud
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Sommer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Lv S, Zhang G, Chen J, Gao W. Electrochemical Dearomatization: Evolution from Chemicals to Traceless Electrons. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shide Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
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Perkins RJ, Feng R, Lu Q, Moeller KD. Anodic Cyclizations, Seven‐Membered Rings, and the Choice of Radical Cation vs. Radical Pathways. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Perkins
- Department of ChemistryWashington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Ruozhu Feng
- Department of ChemistryWashington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Qingquan Lu
- Department of ChemistryWashington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of ChemistryWashington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1860] [Impact Index Per Article: 265.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Zweig JE, Kim DE, Newhouse TR. Methods Utilizing First-Row Transition Metals in Natural Product Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11680-11752. [PMID: 28525261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
First-row transition-metal-mediated reactions constitute an important and growing area of research due to the low cost, low toxicity, and exceptional synthetic versatility of these metals. Currently, there is considerable effort to replace existing precious-metal-catalyzed reactions with first-row analogs. More importantly, there are a plethora of unique transformations mediated by first-row metals, which have no classical second- or third-row counterpart. Herein, the application of first-row metal-mediated methods to the total synthesis of natural products is discussed. This Review is intended to highlight strategic uses of these metals to realize efficient syntheses and highlight the future potential of these reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Zweig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Daria E Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Timothy R Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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Horn EJ, Rosen BR, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry: An Enabling and Innately Sustainable Method. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:302-8. [PMID: 27280164 PMCID: PMC4882743 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While preparative electrolysis of organic molecules has been an active area of research over the past century, modern synthetic chemists have generally been reluctant to adopt this technology. In fact, electrochemical methods possess many benefits over traditional reagent-based transformations, such as high functional group tolerance, mild conditions, and innate scalability and sustainability. In this Outlook we highlight illustrative examples of electrochemical reactions in the context of the synthesis of complex molecules, showcasing the intrinsic benefits of electrochemical reactions versus traditional reagent-based approaches. Our hope is that this field will soon see widespread adoption in the synthetic community.
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Wu YK, Dunbar CR, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, West FG. Experimental and Computational Studies on Interrupted Nazarov Reactions: Exploration of Umpolung Reactivity at the α-Carbon of Cyclopentanones. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14903-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507638r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ku Wu
- X-ray Crystallography Lab, †Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-43 Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christine R. Dunbar
- X-ray Crystallography Lab, †Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-43 Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-ray Crystallography Lab, †Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-43 Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- X-ray Crystallography Lab, †Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-43 Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - F. G. West
- X-ray Crystallography Lab, †Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-43 Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Nakada M. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Cyathane Diterpenoids. CHEM REC 2014; 14:641-62. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Nakada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Advanced Science and Engineering; Waseda University; 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
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Kotoku N, Fujioka S, Nakata C, Yamada M, Sumii Y, Kawachi T, Arai M, Kobayashi M. Concise synthesis and structure–activity relationship of furospinosulin-1, a hypoxia-selective growth inhibitor from marine sponge. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Yoshida JI, Kataoka K, Horcajada R, Nagaki A. Modern Strategies in Electroorganic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2265-99. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0680843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1027] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Miller AK, Hughes CC, Kennedy-Smith JJ, Gradl SN, Trauner D. Total Synthesis of (−)-Heptemerone B and (−)-Guanacastepene E. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:17057-62. [PMID: 17177458 DOI: 10.1021/ja0660507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A concise, stereoselective, and convergent total synthesis of the unnatural enantiomer of the neodolastane diterpenoid heptemerone B has been completed. Saponification of (-)-heptemerone afforded (-)-guanacastepene E. The absolute stereochemistry of (-)-heptemerone B was thus established as 5-(S), the same as (-)-guanacastepene E. The longest linear sequence of the synthesis comprises 17 (18) steps from simple known starting materials. Our general synthetic approach integrates a diverse set of reactions, including an intramolecular Heck reaction to create one quaternary stereocenter and a cuprate conjugate addition for the establishment of the other. The central seven-membered ring was closed with an uncommon electrochemical oxidation, whereas the five-membered ring was formed through ring-closing metathesis. The absolute configuration of the two key building blocks was established through an asymmetric reduction and an asymmetric ene reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubry K Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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