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Song Y, Long C, Chen W, Li H, Zhao H, Liu L. Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum induces gastric cancer cell apoptosis and pyroptosis through the elevation of ROS and cell cycle arrest. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01408-4. [PMID: 39028496 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum (CF), a traditional medicinal plant in Southern China, is widely recognized as a popular medicinal and tea plant traditionally utilized by diverse linguistic groups in the region for the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments. The objective of this study was to explore the active components and mechanisms of CF against gastric cancer (GC). The chemical ingredients of CF were obtained by using UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics. MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells were employed to investigate the direct anti-GC effect. The potential targets and signaling pathway of CF were identified through network pharmacology and proteomics, followed by subsequent experimental validation. Through UPLC-MS/MS metabolomics analysis, a total of 197 chemical ingredients were identified in CF leaves. Network pharmacology and proteomics techniques revealed 25 potential targets for GC, with a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network highlighting 12 cores targets, including CTNNB1, CDK2, et al. Furthermore, seven key CF ingredients - vismione B, feruloylcholine, α-amyrin, vanillic acid, galangin, cinnamic acid, and caffeic acid - were found to mediate anti-GC effects through pathways such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell cycle signaling pathway. In vitro experiments demonstrated that CF significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of GC cells, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, arrested the cell cycle at the S-phase, induced apoptosis and pyroptosis, and upregulated expression of apoptosis proteins (Bax, Bax/Bcl-2, cleaved-Caspase-3/Caspase-3), and pyroptosis proteins (GSDMD-N/GSDMD and GSDME-N/GSDME), while downregulating expression of cell cycle proteins (CDK2 and cyclin A1) as well as necroptosis proteins (RIP1 and MLKL). Collectively, these findings reveal CF's therapeutic potential against GC by the augmentation of ROS production, cell cycle arrest, promotion of apoptosis, and pyroptosis, offering valuable evidence for the development and utilization of CF in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Song
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Long
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minzu University of China, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhe Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Haofeng Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Liya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China.
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.
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Zhang Y, Guo JM, Zhang MM, Wang R, Liang CH, Zhao YM, Deng YY, Liu YP, Fu YH. Xanthones with Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-HIV Effects from the Stems and Leaves of Cratoxylum cochinchinense. Molecules 2023; 28:6050. [PMID: 37630303 PMCID: PMC10458312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new xanthones, cratocochinones A-D (1-4), together with eight known analogues (5-12), were isolated from the stems and leaves of Cratoxylum cochinchinense. The chemical structures of cratocochinones A-D (1-4) were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and the known compounds were identified by comparisons with the spectral data reported in the literature. All isolated compounds 1-12 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities and anti-HIV-1 activities. Compounds 1-12 showed remarkable inhibitory activities on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in vitro, with IC50 values in the range of 0.86 ± 0.05 to 18.36 ± 0.21 µM. Meanwhile, compounds 1-12 exhibited significant anti-HIV-1 activities with EC50 which ranged from 0.22 to 11.23 µM. These findings indicate that the discoveries of these xanthones, isolated from the stems and leaves of C. cochinchinense, showing significant anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV-1 effects could be of great importance to the research and development of new natural anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Jia-Ming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Chai-Huan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yi-Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Ya-Yuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yan-Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable of Haikou City, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Plants Resources of Haikou City, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plants Chemistry of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yan-Hui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable of Haikou City, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Plants Resources of Haikou City, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plants Chemistry of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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Chanawanno K, Thuptimdang P, Chantrapromma S, Fun HK. New tunable pyridinium benzenesulfonate amphiphiles as anti-MRSA quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chemopreventive Effect of Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) ssp. pruniflorum on Initial Stage Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144235. [PMID: 34299510 PMCID: PMC8305054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum (Kurz) Gogelein (CP) is an indigenous plant found mainly in southeast Asia. Several in vitro studies have confirmed its activity against hepatocellular carcinoma; however, in vivo studies of the effect of CP on liver cancer are needed. This study investigated the effect of CP on early-stage hepatocarcinogenesis in rat liver when using diethylnitrosamine (DEN) as a carcinogen. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect (a) upregulation of glutathione S-transferase placental (GST-P) positive foci, (b) the proliferating cell nuclear antigen PCNA, and (c) apoptotic cells in the liver as indicators of early-stage carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemical parameters were observed in rats given CP orally following DEN injection. Rats given DEN presented overexpression of GST-P positive foci, PCNA, and apoptotic cells, indicating the formation of cancerous tissues, and these effects were diminished by CP treatment. CP thus inhibited hepatocarcinogenic effects in an animal model. These results could help plan further in vivo studies and support the use of CP to prevent processes that promote the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans.
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Modified tetra-oxygenated xanthones analogues as anti-MRSA and P. aeruginosa agent and their synergism with vancomycin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127494. [PMID: 32795625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five isolated xanthones from the C. cochinchinense and G. mangostana were evaluated and tested for antibacterial activities. Isolated 4 and 5 exhibited potent anti-MRSA and P. aeruginosa activity, but showed poor pharmacokinetic properties via ADMET prediction. It led us to improve pharmacokinetic properties of 4 and 5 by partially modifying them in acidic condition yielding fourteen analogues. It was found that analogues 4b, 4d and 5b possessed proper pharmacokinetic properties, while only 4b exhibited the best anti-MRSA and P. aeruginosa activity. The SEM results indicated that 4b may interact with or damage the cell wall of MRSA and P. aeruginosa. Moreover, a combination of 4b and vancomycin exhibits synergistic effect against both MRSA and P. aeruginosa at MIC value of 4.98 (MIC = 18.75 μg/mL for 4b) and 9.52 μg/mL (MIC = 75 μg/mL for 4b), respectively.
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Arsakit K, Thongchuai B, Sedlak S, Surapinit S. Assessment of the anti-diabetic potential of the Cratoxylum formosum subsp. formosum extracts via carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes inhibitory activities. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2020.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This research aims to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of the extracts from different parts of Cratoxylum formosum subsp. formosum.Methods: The in vitro inhibitory activities of the hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts from the flowers, leaves, roots and stems on pancreatic α-amylase (pAA), Saccharomyces α-glucosidase (SAG), rat intestinal maltase (rIM), and sucrase (rIS) were investigated. Results: The DCM and EtOAc extracts from the flowers (IC50 5.4 ± 1.5 and 10.5 ± 0.6 µg/mL) displayed the similar inhibitory activities as acarbose (IC50 7.2 ± 0.4 µg/mL) in the pAA assay. The inhibitory activities of the DCM and EtOAc extracts from the flowers (IC50 56.7 ± 8.9 and 20.4 ± 0.4 µg/mL), EtOAc extract from leaves (IC50 45.0 ± 3.5 µg/mL), DCM and EtOAc extracts from roots (IC50 35.0 ± 6.7 and 16.7± 3.6 µg/mL), and EtOAc extract from stems (IC50 31.1 ± 7.3 µg/mL) were more potent than acarbose (IC50 431.4 ± 16.7 µg/mL) on SAG inhibitory assay (P<0.05). In the rIM assay, DCM and EtOAc extracts from the flowers (IC50 8.5 ± 0.2 and 12.4 ± 0.3 µg/mL) exhibited stronger inhibitory activity than acarbose (IC50 38.5 ± 7.2 µg/mL) (P<0.05). Moreover, the inhibitory activity of DCM extract from the flowers (IC50 16.9 ± 1.5 µg/ mL) was comparable to the acarbose (IC50 15.5 ± 1.2 µg/mL) on rIS assay. Conclusion: The DCM and EtOAc extracts from the flowers were more active than the leaves, roots and stems in the inhibition of our defined target enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornkanok Arsakit
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Benchaluk Thongchuai
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Sutthira Sedlak
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Serm Surapinit
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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Son NT. A Mini-review of the Tropical Plant Cratoxylum fomosum ssp. pruniflorum: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects. LETT ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178616666190902111630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tropical plant C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum belongs to family Clusiaceae, which is
native to Southeast Asia countries. Phytochemical investigations on this plant showed interesting secondary
metabolites, comprising the main classes of xanthones, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics,
and triterpenoids. Biological assessments established the wide spectrum of properties, either the extracts
or isolated compounds have been becoming valuable resources, constituents from C. formosum
ssp. pruniflorum were used for anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, or neuroprotective and
vascular protective activities. The long history of traditional application has confirmed the prospect in
use, this herbal plant was consumed as a combination tea or to treat skin wound healing, fever, cough,
ulcer, diarrhea, internal bleeding, stomachic and diuretic effects, and food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh The Son
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Raksat A, Phukhatmuen P, Yang J, Maneerat W, Charoensup R, Andersen RJ, Wang YA, Pyne SG, Laphookhieo S. Phloroglucinol Benzophenones and Xanthones from the Leaves of Garcinia cowa and Their Nitric Oxide Production and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:164-168. [PMID: 31860303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Five new compounds-two phloroglucinol benzophenones, garciniacowones F (1) and G (2), and three xanthones, garciniacowones H (3), I (4), and J (5)-together with seven known xanthones (6-12) were isolated from the fresh leaves of Garcinia cowa. Their structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of NMR and MS data. Compounds 1 and 2 are phloroglucinol benzophenones containing a polyprenylated bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ring system, while compounds 3-5 are rare xanthones having farnesyl (3 and 5) and geranylgeranyl (5) units at C-8. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 10 exhibited inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells with IC50 values ranging from 5.4 to 18.6 μM. Compounds 4 and 8 had α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 15.4 and 11.4 μM, respectively, which were more potent than that of the acarbose control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen G Pyne
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
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Two new xanthones from the roots of Cratoxylum cochinchinense and their cytotoxicity. J Nat Med 2019; 74:467-473. [PMID: 31820330 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two new xanthones namely cratochinone A (1) and cratochinone B (2), along with 16 known xanthones, were isolated from the roots of Cratoxylum cochinchinense. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods, especially 1D and 2D NMR as well as comparison with those reported in the literature for known xanthones. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines (KB, HeLa S-3, HT-29, MCF-7 and Hep G2 cell lines). Compounds 2, 5, and 7 showed significant cytotoxic effects against all cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 0.91-9.93 μM, while 10 exhibited cytotoxicity against the KB, HeLa S-3, and HT-29 cells with IC50 values of 7.39, 6.07, and 8.11 μM, respectively. Compound 12 exhibited cytotoxicity against both KB and HeLa S-3 cells with IC50 values of 7.28 and 9.84 μM.
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10
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Li Y, Jiang JG. Health functions and structure-activity relationships of natural anthraquinones from plants. Food Funct 2019; 9:6063-6080. [PMID: 30484455 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01569d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinone compounds with the anthraquinone ring structure are widely found in traditional Chinese medicines and they are attracting a lot of attention due to their good pharmacological activity. Diversities of anthraquinones depend on their chemical structures, such as the number of anthraquinone rings and the substituents; what's more, the difference in chemical structure determines the difference in physiological activity. Based on results of previous studies, this review summarizes several natural anthraquinones identified from Chinese herbal medicines and their physiological activities including anti-cancer, anti-pathogenic microorganisms, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-osteoporosis, anti-depression, and anti-constipation. The source, effect, model, and action mechanism of the active anthraquinones are described in detail, from which their structure-activity relationship is summarized. By analyzing the relationship between anthraquinone structure and function, we found that, on the whole structure, the anthraquinone ring and anthraquinone glycosides have significant anticancer activity and anti-constipation activity, while for their substituents, anthraquinones substituted by alizarin have significant antioxidant activity and the polarity of the substituents is closely related to their antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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11
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Chukaew A, Saithong S, Chusri S, Limsuwan S, Watanapokasin R, Voravuthikunchai SP, Chakthong S. Cytotoxic xanthones from the roots of Mesua ferrea L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 157:64-70. [PMID: 30368220 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Five undescribed xanthones, 4-methoxypyranojacareubin, 4-hydroxy-3-prenylpyranoxanthone, 1-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyxanthone, 5-hydroxy-1,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone and 2-hydroxy-1,5-dimethoxyxanthone, together with thirty-three known xanthones were isolated from the roots of Mesua ferrea L. The structures of all isolated xanthones were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods. 5-Hydroxy-1,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone and 2-hydroxy-1,5-dimethoxyxanthone were also confirmed by X-ray diffraction data. In addition, the isolated compounds were determined for antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The known 1,5,6-trihydroxyxanthone showed cytotoxicity against A375, PC-3 and HaCaT cell lines with IC50 values of 5.73 μg/mL, 5.93 μg/mL and 8.94 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Chukaew
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Saowanit Saithong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Chusri
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Surasak Limsuwan
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Ramida Watanapokasin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Supayang P Voravuthikunchai
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Suda Chakthong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
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12
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Caged-xanthone from Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum inhibits malignant cancer phenotypes in multidrug-resistant human A549 lung cancer cells through down-regulation of NF-κB. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:2368-2375. [PMID: 30606669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study reported that multidrug-resistant (MDR) human A549 lung cancer cells (A549RT-eto) with the elevated expression of NF-κB showed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increasing spheroid formation and elevating the expression levels of stemness-related factors, including Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Bmi1, and Klf4. Therefore, when new therapeutic agents targeting these malignant cancer cells were explored, we found that caged-xanthone (CX) isolated from the roots of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum diminished the expression of NF-κB, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) protein levels, cell migration and invasion, and sphere-forming ability of A549RT-eto cells. To address the role of NF-κB in these malignant cancer features, we treated A549RT-eto cells with NF-κB siRNAs in the present work. We found that the knockdown of NF-κB inhibited EMT and sphere formation. Furthermore, co-treatment with CX and NF-κB siRNA accelerated the death of apoptotic cells through the decrease of P-gp protein levels. These results suggest that NF-κB was involved in malignant cancer phenotypes and MDR in A549RT-eto cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that CX can be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of malignant tumor cells.
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13
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Wang W, Liao Y, Huang X, Tang C, Cai P. A novel xanthone dimer derivative with antibacterial activity isolated from the bark of Garcinia mangostana. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1769-1774. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1402315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Centre for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Chao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
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Kaewpiboon C, Boonnak N, Kaowinn S, Chung YH. Formoxanthone C, isolated from Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum, reverses anticancer drug resistance by inducing both apoptosis and autophagy in human A549 lung cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:820-825. [PMID: 29402743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) cancer toward cancer chemotherapy is one of the obstacles in cancer therapy. Therefore, it is of interested to use formoxanthone C (1,3,5,6-tetraoxygenated xanthone; XanX), a natural compound, which showed cytotoxicity against MDR human A549 lung cancer (A549RT-eto). The treatment with XanX induced not only apoptosis- in A549RT-eto cells, but also autophagy-cell death. Inhibition of apoptosis did not block XanX-induced autophagy in A549RT-eto cells. Furthermore, suppression of autophagy by beclin-1 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) did not interrupt XanX-induced apoptosis, indicating that XanX can separately induce apoptosis and autophagy. Of interest, XanX treatment reduced levels of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) protein overexpressed in A549RT-etocells. The co-treatment with XanX and HDAC4 siRNA accelerated both autophagy and apoptosis more than that by XanX treatment alone, suggesting survival of HDAC4 in A549RT-eto cells. XanX reverses etoposide resistance in A549RT-eto cells by induction of both autophagy and apoptosis, and confers cytotoxicity through down-regulation of HDAC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Kaewpiboon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Phatthalung 93210, Thailand.
| | - Nawong Boonnak
- Department of Basic Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Songkhla 90000, Thailand
| | - Sirichat Kaowinn
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Chung
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Buranrat B, Mairuae N, Konsue A. Cratoxy formosum leaf extract inhibits proliferation and migration of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:77-84. [PMID: 28343074 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated how Cratoxy formosum (CF) leaf extract affects the viability and migration of human breast cancer cells including the mechanism(s) responsible. Our results showed that CF leaf extract strongly induced MCF-7 cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 85.70±4.52μg/mL and 53.74±3.02μg/mL at 24h and 48h, respectively. Additionally, CF leaf extract potentiated the activity of 4 anticancer drugs with the greatest synergy occurring between CF and 5-FU. CF leaf extract also caused a dose-dependent decrease in colony forming ability with IC50 values of 36.37+1.80 μg/mL and cell migration, with IC50 values of 43.68±0.86μg/mL. Moreover, CF significantly induced ROS formation, increased caspase 3 activities, and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cancer cell apoptosis and cell death. In addition, the extract inhibited cancer cell migration at 25μg/mL by reducing MMP 2 and MMP 9 protein expression. Moreover, CF leaf extracts strongly decreased expression of the cell cycle regulatory protein Rac1 and downstream protein, cdk6. CF leaf extract significantly stimulated p21 and this correlated with a reduction in cyclin D1 protein levels. In summary, CF leaf extract can inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell apoptosis, and reduce cell migration in the MCF-7 cell line. It could also be beneficial for enhancing the activity of anticancer drugs used to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjaporn Buranrat
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Muang District, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand.
| | - Nootchanat Mairuae
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Muang District, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Ampa Konsue
- Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Muang District, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
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Tantapakul C, Maneerat W, Sripisut T, Ritthiwigrom T, Andersen RJ, Cheng P, Cheenpracha S, Raksat A, Laphookhieo S. New Benzophenones and Xanthones from Cratoxylum sumatranum ssp. neriifolium and Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8755-8762. [PMID: 27788582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two new benzophenones (1 and 2) and four new xanthones (4-6 and 17) together with 24 known compounds (3, 7-16, and 18-30) were isolated from the roots and twigs of Cratoxylum sumatranum ssp. neriifolium. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 5 and 26 showed antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus epidermis with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 4 to 8 μg/mL, whereas compounds 7, 20, and 26 displayed selective antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (8 μg/mL), Salmonella typhimurium (4 μg/mL), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 μg/mL), respectively. The radical scavenging effects of some isolated compounds were investigated. Compounds 11 and 21 exhibited potent activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with IC50 values of 7.0 ± 1.0 and 6.0 ± 0.2 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholpisut Tantapakul
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University , Tasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Wisanu Maneerat
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University , Tasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Tawanun Sripisut
- School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University , Tasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Thunwadee Ritthiwigrom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University , Sutep, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Ping Cheng
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Sarot Cheenpracha
- School of Science, University of Phayao , Maeka, Muang, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Achara Raksat
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University , Tasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Surat Laphookhieo
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University , Tasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
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17
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Vu TT, Kim H, Tran VK, Le Dang Q, Nguyen HT, Kim H, Kim IS, Choi GJ, Kim JC. In vitro antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants traditionally used in Vietnam against human pathogenic bacteria. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:32. [PMID: 26819218 PMCID: PMC4728873 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal plants are widely used for the treatment of different infectious diseases. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria have a large impact on public health. This study aimed to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of the medicinal plants traditionally used in Vietnam against the bacterial strains associated with infectious diseases. METHODS Methanol extracts of twelve Vietnamese medicinal plants were tested for their antibacterial activity against five bacterial species including Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using the broth microdilution method. RESULTS All the plant extracts showed antibacterial activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus). Baeckea frutescens extract revealed a potent activity against the Gram-positive bacteria with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 62.5 μg/ml. High activity against all the three Gram-positive bacteria was also observed for the extracts of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum, Pogostemon cablin, and Pedilanthus tithymaloides with MICs of 125, 125 and 250 μg/ml and MBCs of 125-250, 125-250 and 250-500 μg/ml, respectively. The extracts of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum and P. tithymaloides showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against all the bacteria tested with the MICs of 125-2,000 μg/ml. CONCLUSION This study indicates clear evidence supporting the traditional use of the plants in treating infectious diseases related to bacteria. In particular, these plant species showed moderate to high antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thu Vu
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungrok Kim
- Division of Green Chemistry and Engineering, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Vu Khac Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pesticides Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quang Le Dang
- Research and Development Center of Bioactive Compounds, Vietnam Institute of Industrial Chemistry (VIIC), No. 2 Pham Ngu Lao, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Nguyen
- Research and Development Center of Bioactive Compounds, Vietnam Institute of Industrial Chemistry (VIIC), No. 2 Pham Ngu Lao, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hun Kim
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - In Seon Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-600, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Duan YH, Dai Y, Wang GH, Chen LY, Chen HF, Zeng DQ, Li YL, Yao XS. Bioactive prenylated xanthones from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2015; 17:519-531. [PMID: 26043754 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1043902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cochinchinones M-U (1-9), together with 12 known compounds (10-21), were isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analyses. In addition, their retinoid X receptor-α transcriptional activities were evaluated using an in vitro assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hui Duan
- a Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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19
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Kaennacowanols A–C, three new xanthones and their cytotoxicity from the roots of Garcinia cowa. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:171-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Raksat A, Laphookhieo S, Cheenpracha S, Ritthiwigrom T, Maneerat W. Antibacterial Compounds from the Roots of Cratoxylum formosum spp. pruniflorum. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400901020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Cratoxylum formosum spp. pruniflorum led to the isolation and identification of a new xanthone, namely cratopruniforone (1), together with 13 known compounds (2–14). Some of these more abundant compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achara Raksat
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Surat Laphookhieo
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | | | - Thunwadee Ritthiwigrom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wisanu Maneerat
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
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21
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Lannang AM, Tatsimo SJN, Fouotsa H, Dzoyem JP, Saxena AK, Sewald N. Cytotoxic Compounds from the Leaves ofGarcinia polyantha. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:975-81. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. pruniflorum (Kurz) Gogel. (Hóng yá mù) extract induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells through caspase-dependent pathways. Chin Med 2014; 9:12. [PMID: 24708784 PMCID: PMC3985586 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-9-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. pruniflorum (Kurz) Gogel. (Hóng yá mù) (CF) has been used for treatment of fever, cough, and peptic ulcer. Previously, a 50% ethanol-water extract from twigs of CF was shown highly selective in cytotoxicity against cancer cells. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the apoptosis-inducing effect of CF. METHODS The cytotoxicity of CF was evaluated in the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 cell line in comparison with a non-cancerous African green monkey kidney epithelial cell line (Vero) by a neutral red assay. The apoptosis induction mechanisms were investigated through nuclear morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential alterations, and caspase enzyme activities. RESULTS CF selectively induced HepG2 cell death compared with non-cancerous Vero cells. A 1.5-fold higher apoptotic effect compared with melphalan was induced by 120 μg/mL of the 50% ethanol-water extract of CF. The apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells occurred via extrinsic and intrinsic caspase-dependent pathways in dose- and time-dependent manners by significantly increasing the activities of caspase 3/7, 8, and 9, decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential, and causing apoptotic body formation and DNA fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS CF extract induced a caspase-dependent apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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Rattanaburi S, Daus M, Watanapokasin R, Mahabusarakam W. A new bisanthraquinone and cytotoxic xanthones from Cratoxylum cochinchinense. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:606-10. [PMID: 24571674 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.886212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suthida Rattanaburi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Mareena Daus
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Ramida Watanapokasin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukumvit 23, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Mahabusarakam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Boonnak N, Chantrapromma S, Tewtrakul S, Sudsai T. Inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages by isolated xanthones from the roots of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 37:1329-35. [PMID: 24497037 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory activity of extract and compounds isolated from the roots of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum against nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated using RAW264.7 cells. Isolation of the CH2Cl2 extract of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum roots afforded ten known xanthones including six tri-oxygenated xanthones (1-6) and four tetra-oxygenated xanthones (7-10), respectively. Compound 7 showed the highest inhibitory activity against NO release with an IC50 value of 3.9 μM, followed by compound 8 with an IC50 value of 4.3 μM, respectively. In order to understand the mechanism of this anti-inflammatory activity, the transcriptional level of 7 was found to down regulate mRNA expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in dose-dependent manners, whereas 8 inhibited only iNOS mRNA expression but did not affect on that of COX-2 gene. Xanthones might be the main anti-inflammatory components in C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawong Boonnak
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand,
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25
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Ahmad M, Yamin BM, Mat Lazim A. A study on dispersion and characterisation of α-mangostin loaded pH sensitive microgel systems. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:85. [PMID: 23680098 PMCID: PMC3662622 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Mangostin was extracted with methanol from the rind of mangosteen fruit and purified by using silica gel column chromatography technique. The compound is characterised using infrared, (13)C and (1)H NMR as well as UV-vis spectroscopy. The α-mangostin dispersion in colloidal systems was studied by incorporating it with an ionic microgel, poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide)-co-2VP at different pH. RESULT The DLS result showed the size of microgel-α-mangostin mixture declined from 548 nm to 200 nm upon the increment of the pH. Moreover, it was found the morphology of loaded compound depended largely on the nature of the continuous phase of the microgel system. Interestingly, by manipulating the pH, α-mangostin tends to form crystal at extremely low pH and transforms into spherical shapes at pH 6. CONCLUSION This research shows different structures of the α-mangostin particle that are attributed by adjusting the pH using microgel systems as a template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madihah Ahmad
- School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Bohari M Yamin
- School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Azwan Mat Lazim
- School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
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Koh JJ, Qiu S, Zou H, Lakshminarayanan R, Li J, Zhou X, Tang C, Saraswathi P, Verma C, Tan DTH, Tan AL, Liu S, Beuerman RW. Rapid bactericidal action of alpha-mangostin against MRSA as an outcome of membrane targeting. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1828:834-44. [PMID: 22982495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has created the need for better therapeutic options. In this study, five natural xanthones were extracted and purified from the fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana and their antimicrobial properties were investigated. α-Mangostin was identified as the most potent among them against Gram-positive pathogens (MIC=0.78-1.56 μg/mL) which included two MRSA isolates. α-Mangostin also exhibited rapid in vitro bactericidal activity (3-log reduction within 5 min). In a multistep (20 passage) resistance selection study using a MRSA isolated from the eye, no resistance against α-mangostin in the strains tested was observed. Biophysical studies using fluorescence probes for membrane potential and permeability, calcein encapsulated large unilamellar vesicles and scanning electron microscopy showed that α-mangostin rapidly disrupted the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane leading to loss of intracellular components in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that isoprenyl groups were important to reduce the free energy for the burial of the hydrophobic phenyl ring of α-mangostin into the lipid bilayer of the membrane resulting in membrane breakdown and increased permeability. Thus, we suggest that direct interactions of α-mangostin with the bacterial membrane are responsible for the rapid concentration-dependent membrane disruption and bactericidal action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Koh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, 168751, Singapore.
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Duan Y, Dai Y, Chen L, Liu M, Li Y, Yao X. Xanthones from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2012; 50:642-645. [PMID: 22865675 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Four new xanthones, 1-methoxy-3,7,8-trihydroxyxanthone (1), 1-methoxy-4,7,8-trihydroxyxanthone (2), 1-methoxy-4,7-dihydroxyxanthone (3), and 1,4-dimethoxy-2,7-dihydroxyxanthone (4) were isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense along with four known xanthones (5-8). The structures of new compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, mainly 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Duan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Ren Y, Matthew S, Lantvit DD, Ninh TN, Chai H, Fuchs JR, Soejarto DD, Carcache de Blanco EJ, Swanson SM, Kinghorn AD. Cytotoxic and NF-κB inhibitory constituents of the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense and their semisynthetic analogues. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1117-25. [PMID: 21428375 PMCID: PMC3103643 DOI: 10.1021/np200051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A new caged xanthone (1), a new prenylxanthone (2), seven known xanthones, and a known sterol glucoside were isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, collected in Vietnam. Compounds 1 and 2 were determined structurally by analysis of their spectroscopic data. In addition, five new (10 and 16-19) and eight known prenylated xanthone derivatives were synthesized from the known compounds α-mangostin (3) and cochinchinone A (6). Several of these substances were found to be cytotoxic toward HT-29 human colon cancer cells, with the most potent being 3,6-di-O-acetyl-α-mangostin (8, ED50, 1.0 μM), which was tested further in an in vivo hollow fiber assay, but found to be inactive at the highest dose used (20 mg/kg; ip). Of the substances evaluated in a NF-κB p65 inhibition assay, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2,4-diisoprenylxanthone (5) exhibited the most potent activity (IC50, 2.9 μM). In a mitochondrial transmembrane potential assay, two new compounds, 1 (IC50, 3.3 μM) and 10 (IC50, 1.4 μM), and two known compounds, 3 (α-mangostin, IC50, 0.2 μM) and 11 (3,6-di-O-methyl-α-mangostin, IC50, 0.9 μM), were active. A preliminary analogue development study showed that 3,6-diacetylation and 6-benzoylation both slightly increased the cytotoxicity of α-mangostin (3), whereas methylation reduced such activity. In contrast, neither acetylation, benzoylation, nor methylation enhanced the cytotoxicity of cochinchinone A (6).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +1 614 247 8094. Fax: +1 614 247 8081.
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Ee GCL, Sim WC, Kwong HC, Mohamed Tahir MI, Silong S. 1,3,6-Trihy-droxy-7-meth-oxy-2,8-bis-(3-methyl-but-2-en-yl)-9H-xanthen-9-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o3362-3. [PMID: 21589631 PMCID: PMC3011676 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810049123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound (trivial name α-mangostin), C(24)H(26)O(6), isolated from Cratoxylum glaucum, is characterized by a xanthone skeleton of three fused six-membered rings and two 3-methyl-but-2-enyl side chains. The three rings in the structure are nearly coplanar, with an r.m.s. deviation for the tricyclic ring system of 0.0014 Å. The two 3-methyl-but-2-enyl side chains are in (+)-synclinal and (-)-anti-clinal conformations. Intra-molecular O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O inter-actions occur. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter-molecular O-H⋯O, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Cheng Lian Ee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Duan YH, Dai Y, Wang GH, Zhang X, Chen HF, Chen JB, Yao XS, Zhang XK. Bioactive xanthones from the stems of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1283-1287. [PMID: 20608716 DOI: 10.1021/np1001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Six new compounds, pruniflorones M-R (1-6), together with 19 known compounds (7-25) were isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data interpretation. In addition, their RXRalpha transcriptional activities were evaluated using an in vitro assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-hui Duan
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Chantrapromma S, Boonnak N, Fun HK, Karalai C, Chantrapromma K. Brasilixanthone. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2066-7. [PMID: 21588369 PMCID: PMC3007390 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810027285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title xanthone [systematic name: 5,13-dihydroxy-3,3,10,10-tetramethyl-3H-dipyrano[3,2-a:2′,3′-i]xanthen-14(10H)-one], C23H20O6, was isolated from the roots of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum. There are two molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit, which show chemical but not crystallographic inversion symmetry. The xanthone skeleton in both molecules is approximately planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0326 (9) Å for molecule A and 0.0355 (9) Å for molecule B from the plane through the 14 non-H atoms. The pyran rings in both molecules adopt sofa conformations. Intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate S(5) and S(6) ring motifs. Viewed onto the bc plane, the crystal structure resembles a herringbone pattern. Stacks of molecules are stabilized by π–π interactions with centroid–centroid distances of 3.600 (5) Å. The crystal structure is further stabilized by weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π interactions.
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Boonnak N, Karalai C, Chantrapromma S, Ponglimanont C, Kanjana-Opas A, Chantrapromma K, Kato S. Chromene and prenylated xanthones from the roots of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:386-9. [PMID: 20190446 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two new xanthones, namely pruniflorone K (1) and L (2), have been isolated from the roots of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum, along with thirteen known xanthones (3-15). Their structures were mainly established using the spectroscopic methods. Only isolated compounds with sufficient amount were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawong Boonnak
- Crystal Materials Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Boonnak N, Chantrapromma S, Fun HK, Karalai C. Vieillardiixanthone B. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o817-8. [PMID: 21580649 PMCID: PMC2984030 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810007026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
THE TITLE COMPOUND [SYSTEMATIC NAME: 1,5-dihydr-oxy-3,6-dimeth-oxy-4-(2-methyl-but-3-en-2-yl)-9H-xanthen-9-one], C(20)H(20)O(6), is a xanthone, which was isolated from the roots of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum. The three rings in the mol-ecule are approximately coplanar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0372 (2) Å for the plane through the 14 non-H atoms. The O atoms of the two hydr-oxy substituents also lie close to this plane with deviations of 0.0669 (2) and 0.1122 (2) Å, respectively. The 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl substituent is in a (-)-anti-clinal conformation. Intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate S(5) and S(6) ring motifs. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into infinite chains along [010] by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C-H⋯O inter-actions. π-π inter-actions with centroid-centroid distances of 3.6172 (10) and 3.6815 (10) Å are also observed.
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Nourmohammadian F, Gholami MD. Regioselective Synthesis of Novel Functionalized Phosphanylidene Anthra[2,1-b]furan Derivatives Under Solvent-Free Conditions. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500902797053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Phupong W, Nuangnaowarat W, Isaka M. New Xanthones from the Barks of Cratoxylum sumatranum ssp. neriifolium. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-11994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Boonnak N, Khamthip A, Karalai C, Chantrapromma S, Ponglimanont C, Kanjana-Opas A, Tewtrakul S, Chantrapromma K, Fun HK, Kato S. Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity of Xanthones from the Green Fruits of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three new xanthones, pruniflorone M-O (1–3), and a new xanthonolignoid, 3-methoxy-5′-demethoxycadensin G (4), were isolated from the green fruits of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum along with three known xanthones (5–7) and a known flavonoid (8). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and the structure of 1 was also determined by X-ray crystallography. Compounds 2 and 7 showed potent nitric oxide inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 4.4 and 4.3 μM, respectively. Moreover, 7 also showed strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with an MIC value of 4.67 μg mL–1.
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Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa xanthones from the resin and green fruits of Cratoxylum cochinchinense. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Antimalarial and cytotoxic phenolic compounds from Cratoxylum maingayi and Cratoxylum cochinchinense. Molecules 2009; 14:1389-95. [PMID: 19384270 PMCID: PMC6254373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14041389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine phenolic compounds isolated from Cratoxylum maingayi and C. cochinchinense were evaluated for anti-malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, and for cytotoxic activity against the NCI-H187 (human small cell lung cancer) cancer cell line. Formoxanthone C (3) was found to be the most active against the NCI-H187 cancer cell line, with an IC50 of 0.22 μg/mL, while vismione B (7) had the highest activity against Plasmodium falciparum, with an IC50 of 0.66 μg/mL.
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Laphookhieo S, Maneerat W, Narmdorkmai W, Koysomboon S. New Xanthones from the Barks and Fruits of Cratoxylum cochinchinense. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Laphookhieo S, Maneerat W, Buatip T, Syers JK. New xanthones from Cratoxylum cochinchinense. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the dried fruits of Cratoxylum cochinchinense led to the isolation of three new oxygeranyl xanthones, cochinxanthone A-C (1–3), together with seven known compounds (4–10). Their structures were characterized using spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, NMR, and MS.Key words: cochinxanthone A-C, Cratoxylum cochinchinense, Clusiaceae.
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Boonsri S, Karalai C, Ponglimanont C, Chantrapromma S, Kanjana-Opas A. Cytotoxic and antibacterial sesquiterpenes from Thespesia populnea. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1173-1177. [PMID: 18553924 DOI: 10.1021/np800055q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Eight new sesquiterpenoids, named populene A-H (1-8), were isolated from dichloromethane extracts of the wood and dark heartwood of Thespesia populnea, together with 11 known compounds (9-19). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds was evaluated against four cancer cell lines: MCF-7, HeLa, HT-29, and KB. Mansonone E (11) and (+)-gossypol (18) showed significant activities. Their antibacterial properties against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompong Boonsri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Ammar RB, Kilani S, Bouhlel I, Ezzi L, Skandrani I, Boubaker J, Sghaier MB, Naffeti A, Mahmoud A, Chekir-Ghedira L, Ghedira K. Antiproliferative, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities of flavonoid-enriched extracts from (Tunisian) Rhamnus alaternus L.: combination with the phytochemical composition. Drug Chem Toxicol 2008; 31:61-80. [PMID: 18161508 DOI: 10.1080/01480540701688725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A pronounced antiproliferative effect on human leukemia K562 cells was shown with flavonoid-enriched extracts from Rhamnus alaternus roots and leaves, with, respectively, IC(50) values of 165 and 210.73 microg/mL. High DPPH radical-scavenging activity (7.21 and 18.84 microg/mL, respectively) and antioxidative effects using the xanthine oxidase assay (IC(50) values of 83.33 and 103.96 microg/mL, respectively) were detected in the presence of the two tested extracts. Although no mutagenic effect was observed when using the Salmonella typhimurium assay system with TA1535 and TA100 strains, the two tested extracts exhibited a high-level protection toward the direct mutagen, sodium azide-induced response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebai Ben Ammar
- Unité de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03, Faculté de Pharmacie, Monastir, Tunisie
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Boonnak N, Karalai C, Chantrapromma S, Ponglimanont C, Kanjana-Opas A, Chantrapromma K, Fun HK. Quinonoids from the barks of Cratoxylum formosum subsp.pruniflorum. CAN J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/v07-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A mixture of new bianthrones J (1a and 1b) was isolated from the barks of Cratoxylum formosum subsp. pruniflorum together with six known quinonoids, namely bianthrone A1 (2), vismones E (3) and D (4), 11-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,2,9-trimethyl-2H-anthra[1,2-b]-pyran-7,12-dione (5), vismiaquinone (6), and 3-geranyloxy-6-methyl-1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone (7). Their structures were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of compounds 3 and 4 were also reported.Key words: Cratoxylum formosum subsp. pruniflorum, bianthrone, vismone, anthraquinone, antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity.
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