1
|
Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yao ZJ, Lin N, Qiao XC, Zhu JW, Deng W. Cyclometalated Half-Sandwich Iridium Complex for Catalytic Hydrogenation of Imines and Quinolines. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Yao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering and Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nan Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xin-Chao Qiao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jing-Wei Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Wei Deng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garakyaraghi S, Crapps PD, McCusker CE, Castellano FN. Cuprous Phenanthroline MLCT Chromophore Featuring Synthetically Tailored Photophysics. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:10628-10636. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Garakyaraghi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Peter D. Crapps
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Catherine E. McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu C, Zhang L, Dong C, Xu J, Pan Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Li H, Yu Z, Xu L. Iridium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of 1,10-Phenanthrolines using Formic Acid as the Hydrogen Source. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
5
|
Talwar D, Li HY, Durham E, Xiao J. A Simple Iridicycle Catalyst for Efficient Transfer Hydrogenation of N-Heterocycles in Water. Chemistry 2015; 21:5370-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
6
|
Sutar RL, Kumar V, Shingare RD, Thorat S, Gonnade R, Reddy DS. A General Approach to N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with a Fused Tetracyclic Core: Ligands for Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
7
|
Wang T, Chen F, Qin J, He YM, Fan QH. Asymmetric Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of 2- and 2,9-Substituted 1,10-Phenanthrolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Wang T, Chen F, Qin J, He YM, Fan QH. Asymmetric Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of 2- and 2,9-Substituted 1,10-Phenanthrolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7172-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Horikoshi R. Discrete metal complexes from N-heterocyclic ferrocenes: Structural diversity by ligand design. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
10
|
Cheng Y, Han X, Ouyang H, Rao Y. A new practical approach towards the synthesis of unsymmetric and symmetric 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives at room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2906-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Sauerbrey S, Majhi PK, Schnakenburg G, Arduengo III AJ, Streubel R. Synthesis, structure and reactivity of 4-phosphanylated 1,3-dialkyl-imidazole-2-thiones. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:5368-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Sridharan V, Suryavanshi PA, Menéndez JC. Advances in the chemistry of tetrahydroquinolines. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7157-259. [PMID: 21830756 DOI: 10.1021/cr100307m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 773] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
N-heterocyclic carbenes. IV.1synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical imidazolium salts with abietane moiety. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
14
|
Glushkov VA, Valieva MS, Maiorova OA, Baigacheva EV, Gorbunov AA. N-heterocyclic carbenes: III. N-heterocyclic carbene ligands based on abietane in Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428011020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Namutebi M, McGarrigle EM, Aggarwal VK. Ring-Opening of NH-Aziridines with Thiols in Ionic Liquids: Application to the Synthesis of Aminosulfide Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidation of Aldehydes. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426501003773787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Metallinos C, Xu S. Stereoselective Synthesis of 5-Substituted Pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-3-ones: Access to Annulated Chiral Imidazol(in)ium Salts. Org Lett 2009; 12:76-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902277y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costa Metallinos
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Shufen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Metallinos C, Du X. Neutral and Cationic Iridium(I) Complexes Bearing Chiral Phenanthroline-Derived Benzimidazolylidenes: Synthetic, Structural, and Catalytic Studies. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om801063w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costa Metallinos
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Xiangdong Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kikuchi T, Takagi J, Isou H, Ishiyama T, Miyaura N. Vinylic CH Borylation of Cyclic Vinyl Ethers with Bis(pinacolato)diboron Catalyzed by an Iridium(I)-dtbpy Complex. Chem Asian J 2008; 3:2082-90. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200800157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
Metallinos C, Dudding T, Zaifman J, Chaytor JL, Taylor NJ. An experimental and theoretical study of the asymmetric lithiation of 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-3a,4a-diazacyclopenta[def]phenanthren-4-one. J Org Chem 2007; 72:957-63. [PMID: 17253816 DOI: 10.1021/jo062244t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The inability of bis-N-Boc-protected octahydrophenanthroline to undergo asymmetric lithiation with (-)-sparteine is circumvented by use of a urea functionality as the directing group. Asymmetric lithiation followed by electrophile quench gives products substituted alpha to nitrogen in better yield (17-30%) but slightly lower enantiomeric ratio (er 84:16) than analogous lithiation of N-Boc-piperidine (er 87:13). Computational studies at the MP2/6-316(d)//B3LYP/6-316(d) level indicate that the prochiral equatorial S-hydrogen is removed preferentially over the pro-R hydrogen, with a difference in transition state activation energies of 1.26 kcal/mol, corresponding to a predicted er of 89:11. The predicted stereochemistry of the reaction was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis of an aryl dibromide prepared from the enantiomerically enriched alpha-methyl-substituted product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costa Metallinos
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|