1
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Korotaev VY, Kutyashev IB, Sannikov MS, Mishchenko MA, Zavyalova LS, Kochnev IA, Barkov AY, Zimnitskiy NS, Sosnovskikh VY. Tunable Zinc-Mediated Reductive Cyclization of Diastereomeric 3-Nitro-4-phenacyl-2-(trihalomethyl)chromanes to Fused Pyrroline N-Oxides, Pyrrolines, and Pyrrolidines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1567-1590. [PMID: 38243900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Reductive cyclization of trans,trans- and trans,cis-isomers of the 2-CF3-substituted 3-nitro-4-phenacylchromanes with Zn-based reductive systems, depending on the conditions, affords 4-CF3-substituted 1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]pyrrole 3-oxides, 1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]pyrroles, or 1,2,3,3a,4,9b-hexahydrochromeno[3,4-b]pyrroles in good yields without changing the relative configuration of the pyran ring. A similar process involving the 2-CCl3-substituted 3-nitro-4-phenacylchromanes is accompanied by reductive dehalogenation to form the corresponding 4-dichloromethyl-substituted fused chromanes along with the 3-(2-hydroxyaryl)-2-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-5-phenyl-2H-pyrroline 1-oxides as pyran ring opening products. The structure and relative configuration of the obtained products was reliably confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and 2D NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Y Korotaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Igor B Kutyashev
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim S Sannikov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Maria A Mishchenko
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Lyudmila S Zavyalova
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A Kochnev
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Y Barkov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay S Zimnitskiy
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vyacheslav Y Sosnovskikh
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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2
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Chau Nguyen K, Nguyen Tran AT, Wang P, Zhang S, Wu Z, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Four Routes to 3-(3-Methoxy-1,3-dioxopropyl)pyrrole, a Core Motif of Rings C and E in Photosynthetic Tetrapyrroles. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031323. [PMID: 36770988 PMCID: PMC9920783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic tetrapyrroles share a common structural feature comprised of a β-ketoester motif embedded in an exocyclic ring (ring E). As part of a total synthesis program aimed at preparing native structures and analogues, 3-(3-methoxy-1,3-dioxopropyl)pyrrole was sought. The pyrrole is a precursor to analogues of ring C and the external framework of ring E. Four routes were developed. Routes 1-3 entail a Pd-mediated coupling process of a 3-iodopyrrole with potassium methyl malonate, whereas route 4 relies on electrophilic substitution of TIPS-pyrrole with methyl malonyl chloride. Together, the four routes afford considerable latitude. A long-term objective is to gain the capacity to create chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls and analogues thereof by facile de novo means for diverse studies across the photosynthetic sciences.
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3
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Dihydrooxazine Byproduct of a McMurry–Melton Reaction en Route to a Synthetic Bacteriochlorin. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic route to gem-dimethyl-substituted bacteriochlorins—models of native bacteriochlorophylls—relies on the formation of a dihydrodipyrrin precursor via a series of established reactions: van Leusen pyrrole formation, Vilsmeier formylation, Henry reaction, borohydride reduction, Michael addition, and McMurry–Melton pyrroline formation. The latter is the least known of the series. Here, the McMurry–Melton reaction of a 2-(6-oxo-2-nitrohexyl)pyrrole in the presence of TiCl3 and an ammonium acetate buffer formed the expected Δ1-pyrroline, as well as an unexpected polar, cyclic byproduct (a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,2-oxazin-6-ol), each attached to the 2-methylpyrrole unit. Both species were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The McMurry–Melton reaction is a type of intercepted Nef reaction (the transformation of a nitroalkyl motif into a carbonyl group), where both the Δ1-pyrroline and the dihydrooxazine derive from the reaction of the nitrogen derived from the nitro group upon complete or partial reductive deoxygenation, respectively, with the γ-keto group. The report also considers competing Nef and McMurry–Melton reactions, the nature of available TiCl3 reagents, and the use of ammonium acetate for buffering the TiCl3/HCl reagent.
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4
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Wang P, Lindsey JS. Riley Oxidation of Heterocyclic Intermediates on Paths to Hydroporphyrins-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081858. [PMID: 32316663 PMCID: PMC7221620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Riley oxidation of advanced heterocyclic intermediates (dihydrodipyrrins and tetrahydrodipyrrins) is pivotal in routes to synthetic hydroporphyrins including chlorins, bacteriochlorins, and model (bacterio)chlorophylls. Such macrocycles find wide use in studies ranging from energy sciences to photomedicine. The key transformation (–CH3 → –CHO) is often inefficient, however, thereby crimping the synthesis of hydroporphyrins. The first part of the review summarizes 12 representative conditions for Riley oxidation across diverse (non-hydrodipyrrin) substrates. An interlude summarizes the proposed mechanisms and provides context concerning the nature of various selenium species other than SeO2. The second part of the review comprehensively reports the conditions and results upon Riley oxidation of 45 1-methyltetrahydrodipyrrins and 1-methyldihydrodipyrrins. A comparison of the results provides insights into the tolerable structural features for Riley oxidation of hydrodipyrrins. In general, Riley oxidation of dihydrodipyrrins has a broad scope toward substituents, but proceeds in only modest yield. Too few tetrahydrodipyrrins have been examined to draw conclusions concerning scope. New reaction conditions or approaches will be required to achieve high yields for this critical transformation in the synthesis of hydroporphyrins.
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Fujita H, Jing H, Krayer M, Allu S, Veeraraghavaiah G, Wu Z, Jiang J, Diers JR, Magdaong NCM, Mandal AK, Roy A, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Annulated bacteriochlorins for near-infrared photophysical studies. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01113g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins with phenaleno or benzo annulation absorb at 913 or 1033 nm and exhibit excited-state lifetimes of 150 or 7 ps, suggesting applications in photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Fujita
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | | | - Amit K. Mandal
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Department of Energy
- Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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6
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Harris LD, Harijan RK, Ducati RG, Evans GB, Hirsch BM, Schramm VL. Synthesis of bis-Phosphate Iminoaltritol Enantiomers and Structural Characterization with Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:152-160. [PMID: 29178779 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoribosyl transferases (PRTs) are essential in nucleotide synthesis and salvage, amino acid, and vitamin synthesis. Transition state analysis of several PRTs has demonstrated ribocation-like transition states with a partial positive charge residing on the pentose ring. Core chemistry for synthesis of transition state analogues related to the 5-phospho-α-d-ribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) reactant of these enzymes could be developed by stereospecific placement of bis-phosphate groups on an iminoaltritol ring. Cationic character is provided by the imino group and the bis-phosphates anchor both the 1- and 5-phosphate binding sites. We provide a facile synthetic path to these molecules. Cyclic-nitrone redox methodology was applied to the stereocontrolled synthesis of three stereoisomers of a selectively monoprotected diol relevant to the synthesis of transition-state analogue inhibitors. These polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine natural product analogues were bis-phosphorylated to generate analogues of the ribocationic form of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-phosphate. A safe, high yielding synthesis of the key intermediate represents a new route to these transition state mimics. An enantiomeric pair of iminoaltritol bis-phosphates (L-DIAB and D-DIAB) was prepared and shown to display inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (ScAPRT). Crystallographic inhibitor binding analysis of L- and D-DIAB bound to the catalytic sites of ScAPRT demonstrates accommodation of both enantiomers by altered ring geometry and bis-phosphate catalytic site contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D. Harris
- The
Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - Rajesh K. Harijan
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Rodrigo G. Ducati
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Gary B. Evans
- The
Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brett M. Hirsch
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Vern L. Schramm
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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7
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Reddy MN, Zhang S, Kim HJ, Mass O, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Spectral Properties of meso-Arylbacteriochlorins, Including Insights into Essential Motifs of their Hydrodipyrrin Precursors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040634. [PMID: 28420113 PMCID: PMC6154299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic bacteriochlorins-analogues of bacteriochlorophylls, Nature's near-infrared absorbers-are attractive for diverse photochemical studies. meso-Arylbacteriochlorins have been prepared by the self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-carbinol or dihydrodipyrrin-acetal following an Eastern-Western (E-W) or Northern-Southern (N-S) joining process. The bacteriochlorins bear a gem-dimethyl group in each pyrroline ring to ensure stability toward oxidation. The two routes differ in the location of the gem-dimethyl group at the respective 3- or 2-position in the dihydrodipyrrin, and the method of synthesis of the dihydrodipyrrin. Treatment of a known 3,3-dimethyldihydrodipyrrin-1-carboxaldehyde with an aryl Grignard reagent afforded the dihydrodipyrrin-1-(aryl)carbinol, and upon subsequent acetylation, the corresponding dihydrodipyrrin-1-methyl acetate (dihydrodipyrrin-acetate). Self-condensation of the dihydrodipyrrin-acetate gave a meso-diarylbacteriochlorin (E-W route). A 2,2-dimethyl-5-aryldihydrodipyrrin-1-(aryl)carbinol underwent self-condensation to give a trans-A₂B₂-type meso-tetraarylbacteriochlorin (N-S route). In each case, the aromatization process entails a 2e-/2H⁺ (aerobic) dehydrogenative oxidation following the dihydrodipyrrin self-condensation. Comparison of a tetrahydrodipyrrin-acetal (0%) versus a dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (41%) in bacteriochlorin formation and results with various 1-substituted dihydrodipyrrins revealed the importance of resonance stabilization of the reactive hydrodipyrrin intermediate. Altogether 10 new dihydrodipyrrins and five new bacteriochlorins have been prepared. The bacteriochlorins exhibit characteristic bacteriochlorophyll-like absorption spectra, including a Qy band in the region 726-743 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Science Education, Gongju National University of Education, Gongju 314-701, Korea.
| | - Olga Mass
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
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8
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Arkhypchuk AI, Orthaber A, Borbas KE. Synthesis and Characterization of Ferrocenyl Chlorins, 1,1′-Ferrocene-Linked Chlorin Dimers, and their BODIPY Analogues. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:3044-3054. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna I. Arkhypchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Zhang S, Nagarjuna Reddy M, Mass O, Kim HJ, Hu G, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of tailored hydrodipyrrins and their examination in directed routes to bacteriochlorins and tetradehydrocorrins. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01892d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
18 gem-dimethyl stabilized hydrodipyrrins with diverse α-substituents have been prepared and examined in directed syntheses of unsymmetrically substituted hydroporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | - Olga Mass
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Department of Science Education
| | - Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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10
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Loughlin WA, Jenkins ID, Karis ND, Schweiker SS, Healy PC. 2-Oxo-1,2-dihydropyridinyl-3-yl amide-based GPa inhibitors: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship study. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 111:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Zhang S, Kim HJ, Tang Q, Yang E, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and photophysical characteristics of 2,3,12,13-tetraalkylbacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetraalkylbacteriochlorins, available upon acid-mediated self-condensation of α-ester stabilized dihydrodipyrrin-carboxaldehydes, provide valuable models of the naturally occurring bacteriochlorophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Department of Science Education
| | - Qun Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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12
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Lindsey JS. De novo synthesis of gem-dialkyl chlorophyll analogues for probing and emulating our green world. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6534-620. [PMID: 26068531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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13
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Cogswell TJ, Donald CS, Long DL, Marquez R. Short and efficient synthesis of fluorinated δ-lactams. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:717-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The diastereoselective synthesis of fluorinated δ-lactams.
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14
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Chen CY, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of 24 bacteriochlorin isotopologues, each containing a symmetrical pair of 13C or 15N atoms in the inner core of the macrocycle. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1001-16. [PMID: 24422909 DOI: 10.1021/jo402488n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic bacteriochlorins containing site-specific isotopic substitution enable spectroscopic interrogation to delineate physicochemical features relevant to bacteriochlorophylls in photosynthesis but have been little explored. A de novo synthesis has been employed to prepare bacteriochlorins wherein each macrocycle contains a pair of (13)C or (15)N atoms yet lacks substituents other than a geminal dimethyl group in each pyrroline ring. Preparation of a dihydrodipyrrin–acetal with single-isotopic substitution gives rise to a bacteriochlorin that contains two isotopic substitutions symmetrically disposed by a 180° rotation about the normal to the plane of the macrocycle. Eight such isotopically substituted bacteriochlorins were prepared from commercially available reactants (bacteriochlorin sites): ((13)C)paraformaldehyde (1, 11); ((13)C)formamide (4, 14); triethyl ((13)C)orthoformate (5, 15); K(13)CN (6, 16); (13)CH3NO2 (9, 19); N,N-dimethyl((13)C)formamide (10, 20); ((15)N)pyrrole (21, 23); CH3(15)NO2 (22, 24). Some loss of (15)N upon TiCl3-mediated McMurry-type ring closure of a nitro((15)N)hexanone is attributed to a parallel sequence of three reactions (Nef, exchange with natural-abundance NH4OAc buffer, and Paal–Knorr ring closure) leading to the dihydrodipyrrin–acetal. Zinc and copper chelates of each bacteriochlorin also were prepared. Together, the 24 bacteriochlorin isotopologues should provide valuable benchmarks for understanding ground- and excited-state molecular physics of the macrocycles related to photosynthetic function of bacteriochlorophylls.
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15
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Liu M, Ptaszek M, Mass O, Minkler DF, Sommer RD, Bhaumik J, Lindsey JS. Regioselective β-pyrrolic electrophilic substitution of hydrodipyrrin–dialkylboron complexes facilitates access to synthetic models for chlorophyll f. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01508d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Deans RM, Mass O, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Serendipitous synthetic entrée to tetradehydro analogues of cobalamins. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Reddy KR, Lubian E, Pavan MP, Kim HJ, Yang E, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthetic bacteriochlorins with integral spiro-piperidine motifs. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj41161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Chen CY, Sun E, Fan D, Taniguchi M, McDowell BE, Yang E, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Metallobacteriochlorins. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:9443-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301262k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
| | - Erjun Sun
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
| | - Dazhong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
| | - Brian E. McDowell
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St.
Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United
States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United
States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St.
Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204,
United States
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19
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Krayer M, Balasubramanian T, Ruzié C, Ptaszek M, Cramer DL, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Refined syntheses of hydrodipyrrin precursors to chlorin and bacteriochlorin building blocks. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609001406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bromo-substituted hydrodipyrrins are valuable precursors to synthetic bromo-chlorins and bromo-bacteriochlorins, which in turn are versatile substrates for derivatization in pursuit of diverse molecular designs. 8-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1-(1,1-dimethoxymethyl)-3,3-dimethyldipyrrin (1) is a crucial precursor in the rational synthesis of the bacteriochlorin building block 3,13-dibromo-8,8,18,18-tetramethylbacteriochlorin ( H2BC-Br3Br13) . 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3,3-trimethyldipyrrin (2) is a crucial precursor in the rational synthesis of the analogous 3,13-disubstituted chlorin building block (e.g. H2C-Br3M10Br13 ). The routes to 1 and 2 share a common precursor, namely 4-bromo-2-(2-nitroethyl)-1-N-tosylpyrrole (6-Ts), which is derived from pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde. The prior seven-step synthesis of 1 from pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde has limited access to H2BC-Br3Br13 given the large excesses of materials, extensive reliance on column chromatography, and low overall yield (1.4%). Refined procedures for synthesis of the common precursor 6-Ts as well as 1 and 2 afford the advantages of (1) diminished consumption of solvents and reagents, (2) limited or no use of chlorinated solvents, (3) limited or no chromatography, and (4) improved yields of most steps. Streamlined procedures enable the final two or three transformations to be performed without purification of intermediates. The new procedures facilitate the expedient preparation of 1 and 2 at the multigram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | | | - Christian Ruzié
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - David L. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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Abstract
Recent developments in the synthesis and transformation of porphyrins and their derivatives are presented. In connection with the Fifth International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (ICPP-5) a survey of current method developments and reactivity studies is made. The review focuses on synthetic advances in porphyrin chemistry. A brief survey of important developments covers selectively the literature from 2004 to late 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Horn
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katja Dahms
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Krayer M, Ptaszek M, Kim HJ, Meneely KR, Fan D, Secor K, Lindsey JS. Expanded scope of synthetic bacteriochlorins via improved acid catalysis conditions and diverse dihydrodipyrrin-acetals. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1016-39. [PMID: 20088604 DOI: 10.1021/jo9025572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins are attractive candidates for a wide variety of photochemical studies owing to their strong absorption in the near-infrared spectral region. The prior acid-catalysis conditions [BF(3) x O(Et)(2) in CH(3)CN at room temperature] for self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (bearing a geminal dimethyl group in the pyrroline ring) typically afforded a mixture of three macrocycles: the expected 5-methoxybacteriochlorin (MeOBC-type), a 5-unsubstituted bacteriochlorin (HBC-type), and a free base B,D-tetradehydrocorrin (TDC-type). Here, a broad survey of >20 acids identified four promising acid catalysis conditions of which TMSOTf/2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine in CH(2)Cl(2) at room temperature was most attractive owing to formation of the 5-methoxybacteriochlorin as the sole macrocycle regardless of the pyrrolic substituents in the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (electron-withdrawing, electron-donating, or no substituent). Eleven new dihydrodipyrrin-acetals were prepared following standard routes. Application of the new acid catalysis conditions has afforded diverse bacteriochlorins (e.g., bearing alkyl/ester, aryl/ester, diester, and no substituents) in a few days from commercially available starting materials. Consideration of the synthetic steps and yields for formation of the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal and bacteriochlorin underpins evaluation of synthetic plans for early installation of bacteriochlorin substituents via the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal versus late installation via derivatization of beta-bromobacteriochlorins. Treatment of the 5-methoxybacteriochlorins with NBS gave regioselective 15-bromination when no pyrrolic substituents were present or when each pyrrole contained two substituents; on the other hand, the presence of a beta-ethoxycarbonyl group caused loss of regioselectivity. The 15 new bacteriochlorins prepared herein exhibit a long-wavelength absorption band in the range 707-759 nm, providing tunable access to the near-infrared region. Taken together, this study expands the scope of available bacteriochlorins for fundamental studies and diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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22
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Borbas KE, Lindsey JS. Swallowtail Bacteriochlorins. Lipophilic Absorbers for the Near-Infrared. Org Lett 2008; 10:1931-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800436u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University; Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University; Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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23
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Ptaszek M, McDowell BE, Taniguchi M, Kim HJ, Lindsey JS. Sparsely substituted chlorins as core constructs in chlorophyll analogue chemistry. I. Synthesis. Tetrahedron 2007; 63:3826-3839. [PMID: 17479168 PMCID: PMC1865127 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Five routes to stable chlorins bearing 0 or 1 meso substituents have been investigated, among which reaction of a 9-bromo-1-formyldipyrromethane and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3,3-trimethyldipyrrin proved most effective. Application of this route afforded metallochlorins [Cu(II), Zn(II), Pd(II)] including the chlorin lacking any beta-pyrrole and meso substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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