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Singha R, Basak P, Ghosh P. Catalytic applications of graphene oxide towards the synthesis of bioactive scaffolds through the formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
During the past several decades, metal-based catalysis is one of the major and direct approaches for the synthesis of organic molecules. Nowadays, materials containing predominantly carbon element which are termed as carbocatalysts, become the most promising area of research to replace transition metal catalysts. In this context of carbocatalysis, the use of graphene oxide (GO) and GO-based materials are under spotlight due to their sustainability, environmental benignity and large scale-availability. The presence of oxygen containing functional groups in GO makes it benign oxidant and slightly acidic catalyst. This chapter provides a broad discussion on graphene oxide (GO) as well as its preparation, properties and vast area of application. The catalytic activity of GO has been explored in different organic transformations and it has been recognized as an oxidation catalyst for various organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindranath Singha
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Bengal , Dist-Darjeeling , West Bengal , India
| | - Puja Basak
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Bengal , Dist-Darjeeling , West Bengal , India
| | - Pranab Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Bengal , Dist-Darjeeling , West Bengal , India
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2
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Zaera F. Designing Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Are We Reaching Selectivities Competitive With Those of Homogeneous Catalysts? Chem Rev 2022; 122:8594-8757. [PMID: 35240777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of different prominent nanotechnologies adapted to catalysis is provided, with focus on how they contribute to the improvement of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Ways to modify catalytic sites range from the use of the reversible or irreversible adsorption of molecular modifiers to the immobilization or tethering of homogeneous catalysts and the development of well-defined catalytic sites on solid surfaces. The latter covers methods for the dispersion of single-atom sites within solid supports as well as the use of complex nanostructures, and it includes the post-modification of materials via processes such as silylation and atomic layer deposition. All these methodologies exhibit both advantages and limitations, but all offer new avenues for the design of catalysts for specific applications. Because of the high cost of most nanotechnologies and the fact that the resulting materials may exhibit limited thermal or chemical stability, they may be best aimed at improving the selective synthesis of high value-added chemicals, to be incorporated in organic synthesis schemes, but other applications are being explored as well to address problems in energy production, for instance, and to design greener chemical processes. The details of each of these approaches are discussed, and representative examples are provided. We conclude with some general remarks on the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Daelemans B, Bilbao N, Dehaen W, De Feyter S. Carbocatalysis with pristine graphite: on-surface nanochemistry assists solution-based catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:2280-2296. [PMID: 33404567 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbocatalysis holds a privileged position as a sustainable alternative to metal-based catalysis. While the focus in solution-based catalytic processes generally lies on how the heterogeneous catalyst affects the solution composition, more attention has recently been given to the analysis of the carbon material itself. Various outstanding surface characterisation techniques, efficient in assessing the catalyst on-surface composition, are now available. These include high-resolution imaging tools such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), capable of bringing new insights into the processes determining rate and selectivity effects induced by carbocatalysts. In this regard, the use of self-assembly on graphite as a strategy to direct the outcome of chemical reactions has already shown great potential. This promising approach gives the scientific community the exciting prospect of rationalising selectivity in carbocatalysis with pristine graphite by linking in-solution and on-surface composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Daelemans
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nerea Bilbao
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Ahmad MS, Nishina Y. Graphene-based carbocatalysts for carbon-carbon bond formation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12210-12227. [PMID: 32510079 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02984j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic transformations are usually catalyzed by metal-based catalysts. In contrast, metal-free catalysts have attracted considerable attention from the viewpoint of sustainability and safety. Among the studies in metal-free catalysis, graphene-based materials have been introduced in the reactions that are usually catalyzed by transition metal catalysts. This review covers the literature (up to the beginning of April 2020) on the use of graphene and its derivatives as carbocatalysts for C-C bond-forming reactions, which are one of the fundamental reactions in organic syntheses. Besides, mechanistic studies are included for the rational understanding of the catalysis. Graphene has significant potential in the field of metal-free catalysis because of the fine-tunable potential of the structure, high stability and durability, and no metal contamination, making it a next-generation candidate material in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Ahmad
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan700-8530.
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Impact of Carboxyl Groups in Graphene Oxide on Chemoselective Alcohol Oxidation with Ultra-Low Carbocatalyst Loading. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3146. [PMID: 28600548 PMCID: PMC5466679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient and simple chemoselective aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to either aldehydes or carboxylic acids in the presence of nitric acid was developed, utilising 5 wt% graphene oxide as a carbocatalyst under ambient reaction conditions. Carboxylic acid functional groups on graphene oxides played a vital role in carbocatalyst activity, greatly influencing both the reactivity and selectivity. We also applied this protocol to a variant of the Knoevenagel condensation for primary alcohols and malonates with a secondary amine co-catalyst via cooperative catalysis.
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Gómez-Martínez M, Baeza A, Alonso DA. Pinacol Rearrangement and Direct Nucleophilic Substitution of Allylic Alcohols Promoted by Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide CO2H. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melania Gómez-Martínez
- Organic Chemistry Department and Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences; University of Alicante; Apdo. 99 03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Alejandro Baeza
- Organic Chemistry Department and Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences; University of Alicante; Apdo. 99 03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Diego A. Alonso
- Organic Chemistry Department and Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences; University of Alicante; Apdo. 99 03080 Alicante Spain
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Tang P, Hu G, Li M, Ma D. Graphene-Based Metal-Free Catalysts for Catalytic Reactions in the Liquid Phase. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Tang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Israel Chemicals Limited, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Mengzhu Li
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ding Ma
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Tan L, Zhang YC, Wang B, Luo HM, Feng HX. Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Metal-Free Carbocatalyst for Polymerization of 1-Naphthylamine. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dhumaskar KL, Meena SN, Ghadi SC, Tilve SG. Graphite catalyzed solvent free synthesis of dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones and their antidiabetic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2897-9. [PMID: 24835627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A solvent free three component condensation reaction between an aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea catalyzed by graphite, a green catalyst is described for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones. This protocol is scalable and the catalyst is reusable. This method is also applied for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones. α-Amylase, a key enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism is generally targeted for management of type 2 diabetes. The therapeutic potential of the dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinthiones to inhibit α-amylase activity was evaluated by in vitro assay. Of the synthesized compounds 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thione (1k) demonstrated highest inhibition of α-amylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surya Nandan Meena
- Department of Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India
| | - Sanjeev C Ghadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India.
| | - Santosh G Tilve
- Department of Chemistry, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India.
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Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) sheets are emerging as a new class of carbocatalysts. Conventionally, researchers exfoliate graphite oxide into submicrometer-sized, water-dispersible flakes to produce these sheets. The presence of oxygen functional groups on the aromatic scaffold of GO allows these sheets to mediate ionic and nonionic interactions with a wide range of molecules. GO shows remarkable catalytic properties on its own and when hybridized with a second material. It is a perfect platform for molecular engineering. This Account examines the different classes of synthetic transformations catalyzed by GO and correlates its reactivity with chemical properties. First, we raise the question of whether GO behaves as a reactant or catalyst during oxidation. Due to its myriad oxygen atoms, GO can function as an oxidant during anaerobic oxidation and become reduced at the end of the first catalytic cycle. However, partially reduced GO can continue to activate molecular oxygen during aerobic oxidation. Most importantly, we can enhance the conversion and selectivity by engineering the morphology and functionalities on the G/GO scaffold. GO can also be hybridized with organic dyes or organocatalysts. The photosensitization by dyes and facile charge transfer across the graphene interface produce synergistic effects that enhance catalytic conversion. Using GO as a building block in supramolecular chemistry, we can extend the scope of functionalities in GO hybrids. The presence of epoxy and hydroxyl functional groups on either side of the GO sheet imparts bifunctional properties that allow it to act as a structural node within metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). For example, known homogeneous molecular catalysts can be anchored on the GO surface by employing them as scaffolds linking organometallic nodes. We have demonstrated that porphyrin building blocks with GO can lead to facile four-electron oxygen transfer reactions. We have also evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of GO as a catalytic material relative to other types of catalysts, both metallic and nonmetallic. Researchers would like to increase the potency of GO catalysts because many catalytic reactions currently require high loading of GO. Further research is also needed to identify a low-cost and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Su
- Department of Chemistry and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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Schaetz A, Zeltner M, Stark WJ. Carbon Modifications and Surfaces for Catalytic Organic Transformations. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300014k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schaetz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093
Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zeltner
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093
Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin J. Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093
Zürich, Switzerland
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Dreyer DR, Bielawski CW. Carbocatalysis: Heterogeneous carbons finding utility in synthetic chemistry. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Silveira CC, Mendes SR. Catalytic oxidation of thiols to disulfides using iodine and CeCl3·7H2O in graphite. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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