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Pathak P, Zarandi MA, Zhou X, Jayawickramarajah J. Synthesis and Applications of Porphyrin-Biomacromolecule Conjugates. Front Chem 2021; 9:764137. [PMID: 34820357 PMCID: PMC8606752 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.764137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With potential applications in materials and especially in light-responsive biomedicine that targets cancer tissue selectively, much research has focused on developing covalent conjugation techniques to tether porphyrinoid units to various biomacromolecules. This review details the key synthetic approaches that have been employed in the recent decades to conjugate porphyrinoids with oligonucleotides and peptides/proteins. In addition, we provide succinct discussions on the subsequent applications of such hybrid systems and also give a brief overview of the rapidly progressing field of porphyrin-antibody conjugates. Since nucleic acid and peptide systems vary in structure, connectivity, functional group availability and placement, as well as stability and solubility, tailored synthetic approaches are needed for conjugating to each of these biomacromolecule types. In terms of tethering to ONs, porphyrins are typically attached by employing bioorthogonal chemistry (e.g., using phosphoramidites) that drive solid-phase ON synthesis or by conducting post-synthesis modifications and subsequent reactions (such as amide couplings, hydrazide-carbonyl reactions, and click chemistry). In contrast, peptides and proteins are typically conjugated to porphyrinoids using their native functional groups, especially the thiol and amine side chains. However, bioorthogonal reactions (e.g., Staudinger ligations, and copper or strain promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions) that utilize de novo introduced functional groups onto peptides/proteins have seen vigorous development, especially for site-specific peptide-porphyrin tethering. While the ON-porphyrin conjugates have largely been explored for programmed nanostructure self-assembly and artificial light-harvesting applications, there are some reports of ON-porphyrin systems targeting clinically translational applications (e.g., antimicrobial biomaterials and site-specific nucleic acid cleavage). Conjugates of porphyrins with proteinaceous moieties, on the other hand, have been predominantly used for therapeutic and diagnostic applications (especially in photodynamic therapy, photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy, and photothermal therapy). The advancement of the field of porphyrinoid-bioconjugation chemistry from basic academic research to more clinically targeted applications require continuous fine-tuning in terms of synthetic strategies and hence there will continue to be much exciting work on porphyrinoid-biomacromolecule conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Janarthanan Jayawickramarajah
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Novel Platinum-Porphyrin as Sensing Compound for Efficient Fluorescent and Electrochemical Detection of H2O2. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins are highly recognized for their capacity to act as sensitive substances used in formulation of optical, fluorescent, and electrochemical sensors. A novel compound, namely Pt(II)-5,10,15,20-tetra-(4-allyloxy-phenyl) porphyrin, was synthesized by metalation with PtCl2(PhCN)2 of the corresponding porphyrin base and was fully characterized by UV-vis, fluorimetry, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR methods. The fluorescence response of this Pt-porphyrin in the presence of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide was investigated. Besides, modified glassy carbon electrodes with this Pt-porphyrin (Pt-Porf-GCE) were realized and several electrochemical characterizations were comparatively performed with bare glassy carbon electrodes (GCE), in the absence or presence of hydrogen peroxide. The Pt-porphyrin demonstrated to be a successful sensitive material for the detection of hydrogen peroxide both by fluorimetric method in a concentration range relevant for biological samples (1.05–3.9 × 10−7 M) and by electrochemical method, in a larger concentration range from 1 × 10−6 M to 5 × 10−5 M. Based on different methods, this Pt-porphyrin can cover detection in diverse fields, from medical tests to food and agricultural monitoring, proving high accuracy (correlation coefficients over 99%) in both fluorimetric and electrochemical measurements.
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Feese E, Gracz HS, Boyle PD, Ghiladi RA. Towards microbe-targeted photosensitizers: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro photodynamic inactivation of the tuberculosis model pathogen M. smegmatis by porphyrin-peptide conjugates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin-peptide conjugates have a breadth of potential applications, including use in photodynamic therapy, boron neutron capture therapy, as fluorescence imaging tags for tracking subcellular localization, as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positive-contrast reagents and as biomimetic catalysts. Here, we have explored three general routes to porphyrin-peptide conjugates using the Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen-Medal-Sharpless 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of peptide-containing azides with a terminal alkyne-containing porphyrin, thereby generating porphyrin-peptide conjugates (PPCs) comprised of a cationic porphyrin coupled to short antimicrobial peptides. In addition to characterizing the PPCs using a variety of spectroscopic (UV-vis, [Formula: see text]H- and [Formula: see text]C-NMR) and mass spectrometric methods, we evaluated their efficacy as photosensitizers for the in vitro photodynamic inactivation of Mycobacterium smegmatis as a model for the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Difficulties that needed to be overcome for the efficient synthesis of PPCs were the limited solubility of the quaternized pyridyl porphyrin in common solvents, undesired (de)metallation and transmetallation, and chromatographic purification. Photodynamic inactivation studies of a small library of PPCs against Mycobacterium smegmatis confirmed our hypothesis that the porphyrin-based photosensitizer maintains its ability to efficiently inactivate bacteria when conjugated to a small peptide by upwards of 5–6 log units (99.999[Formula: see text]%) using white light illumination (400–700 nm, 60 mW/cm[Formula: see text], 30 min). Further, hemolysis assays revealed the lack of toxicity of the PPCs against sheep blood at concentrations employed for in vitro photodynamic inactivation. Taken together, the results demonstrated the ability of PPCs to maintain their antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation efficacy when possessing a short cationic peptides for enabling the potential targeting of pathogens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Feese
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Hanna S. Gracz
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Reza A. Ghiladi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA
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Meares A, Bhagavathy GV, Zik SR, Gallagher T, Ptaszek M. Expanding π-Conjugation in Chlorins Using Ethenyl Linker. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9076-9087. [PMID: 30033724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of chlorin monomers and dyads has been prepared to probe the effect of ethenyl vs ethynyl linkers on the electronic conjugation and optical properties in resulting derivatives. Styryl-substituted chlorins have been prepared either by a Heck reaction or by microwave-assisted olefin metathesis, while β-β ethenyl-linked dyads have been synthesized from the corresponding vinyl-substituted chlorin monomer using microwave-assisted olefin metathesis. It has been found that when an ethenyl linker is connected at the β-position of chlorin it provides stronger electronic conjugation than an ethynyl one, which is manifested by a greater bathochromic shift of the longest wavelength absorption (Q y) and emission bands. Stronger electronic coupling is particularly evident for dyads, where ethenyl-linked dyad exhibits a strong near-IR absorption band emission (λabs = 707 nm, λem = 712 nm, Φf = 0.45), compared to the deep-red absorption and emission of a corresponding ethynyl-linked dyad (λabs = 689 nm, λem = 691 nm, Φf = 0.48). The reactivity of ethenyl-linked dyads with singlet oxygen is discussed as well. The results reported here provide further guidelines for molecular design of deep-red and near-IR absorbing and intensely emitting chlorin derivatives and chlorins with extended π-electronic conjugation for a variety of photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Shannon R Zik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Thomas Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
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Riveira MJ, Mata EG. Cross-Metathesis on Immobilized Substrates - Application to the Generation of Synthetically and Biologically Relevant Structures. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín J. Riveira
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICETUNR); Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario Argentina
| | - Ernesto G. Mata
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICETUNR); Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario Argentina
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Hiroto S, Miyake Y, Shinokubo H. Synthesis and Functionalization of Porphyrins through Organometallic Methodologies. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2910-3043. [PMID: 27709907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the postfunctionalization of porphyrins and related compounds through catalytic and stoichiometric organometallic methodologies. The employment of organometallic reactions has become common in porphyrin synthesis. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are now standard techniques for constructing carbon-carbon bonds in porphyrin synthesis. In addition, iridium- or palladium-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization of porphyrins is emerging as an efficient way to install various substituents onto porphyrins. Furthermore, the copper-mediated Huisgen cycloaddition reaction has become a frequent strategy to incorporate porphyrin units into functional molecules. The use of these organometallic techniques, along with the traditional porphyrin synthesis, now allows chemists to construct a wide range of highly elaborated and complex porphyrin architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Lu Y, Chen Z, Yu B, Yan K, Li Z. Water-soluble porphyrin-phosphonate conjugates as potential photodynamic therapy photosensitizers. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two novel water-soluble porphyrin-phosphonate conjugates were synthesized and characterized. Although both conjugates showed significant potential in photodynamic therapy, the variety of their structure induced the obvious differences in the binding manner with calf thymus DNA, the cytotoxicity and the cellular sublocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguo Lu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Zhihang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Bingqiong Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Kun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Zaoying Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
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Vainer AY, Dyumaev KM, Dragunskaya RM, Bel’skii TD, Golubeva OA, Taritskaya SI. 5,15-Bis(pentafluorophenyl)-10,20-bis(2′,5′-dibromo-3′-thienyl)porphyrin building block for the synthesis of aromatic polyethers. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500815030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sista P, Ghosh K, Martinez JS, Rocha RC. Metallo-Biopolymers: Conjugation Strategies and Applications. POLYM REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2014.913063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kumar D, Mishra BA, Shekar KPC, Kumar A, Akamatsu K, Kusaka E, Ito T. Remarkable photocytotoxicity of a novel triazole-linked cationic porphyrin-β-carboline conjugate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:683-5. [PMID: 23223457 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc38018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Employing a click chemistry approach we have synthesized a novel triazole-linked cationic porphyrin-β-carboline conjugate which exhibited remarkable photocytotoxicity against the A549 cancer cell line (IC(50) = 60 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani-333 031, India.
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An easy one-pot desilylation/copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction assisted by tetra-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF): synthesis of highly π-conjugated porphyrins. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kumar D, Mishra BA, Chandra Shekar KP, Kumar A, Akamatsu K, Kurihara R, Ito T. Novel porphyrin–psoralen conjugates: synthesis, DNA interaction and cytotoxicity studies. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6675-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41224e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chlorin-PEI-labeled cellulose nanocrystals: Synthesis, characterization and potential application in PDT. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3648-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chaleix V, Sol V, Krausz P. Pseudo porphyrinyl amino acids based on 1,3,5-triazine scaffold: new tools for the synthesis of peptidic porphyrins. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.03.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Syntheses and DNA binding of new cationic porphyrin–tetrapeptide conjugates. Biophys Chem 2011; 155:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Cecioni S, Faure S, Darbost U, Bonnamour I, Parrot-Lopez H, Roy O, Taillefumier C, Wimmerová M, Praly JP, Imberty A, Vidal S. Selectivity among two lectins: probing the effect of topology, multivalency and flexibility of "clicked" multivalent glycoclusters. Chemistry 2011; 17:2146-59. [PMID: 21294181 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The design of multivalent glycoconjugates has been developed over the past decades to obtain high-affinity ligands for lectin receptors. While multivalency frequently increases the affinity of a ligand for its lectin through the so-called "glycoside cluster effect", the binding profiles towards different lectins have been much less investigated. We have designed a series of multivalent galactosylated glycoconjugates and studied their binding properties towards two lectins, from plant and bacterial origins, to determine their potential selectivity. The synthesis was achieved through copper(I)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) under microwave activation between propargylated multivalent scaffolds and an azido-functionalised carbohydrate derivative. The interactions of two galactose-binding lectins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA-IL) and Erythrina cristagalli (ECA) with the synthesized glycoclusters were studied by hemagglutination inhibition assays (HIA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC). The results obtained illustrate the influence of the scaffold's geometry on the affinity towards the lectin and also on the relative potency in comparison with a monovalent galactoside reference probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Cecioni
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Laboratoire de Chimie, Organique 2-Glycochimie, UMR5246, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Giuntini F, Alonso CMA, Boyle RW. Synthetic approaches for the conjugation of porphyrins and related macrocycles to peptides and proteins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:759-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Synthesis of new mono and bis amides projected as potential histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2008. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bakleh ME, Sol V, Granet R, Déléris G, Estieu-Gionnet K, Krausz P. Design and efficient synthesis of a new scaffold based on unsymmetrical protoporphyrin IX derivatives for use in SPPS. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2115-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b922012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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