1
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Daniels BS, Hou X, Corio SA, Weissman LM, Dong VM, Hirschi JS, Nie S. Copper-Phosphido Catalysis: Enantioselective Addition of Phosphines to Cyclopropenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306511. [PMID: 37332088 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a copper catalyst that promotes the addition of phosphines to cyclopropenes at ambient temperature. A range of cyclopropylphosphines bearing different steric and electronic properties can now be accessed in high yields and enantioselectivities. Enrichment of phosphorus stereocenters is also demonstrated via a Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation (DyKAT) process. A combined experimental and theoretical mechanistic study supports an elementary step featuring insertion of a CuI -phosphido into a carbon-carbon double bond. Density functional theory calculations reveal migratory insertion as the rate- and stereo-determining step, followed by a syn-protodemetalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xintong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Corio
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 13902, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Lindsey M Weissman
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 13902, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Vy M Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Hirschi
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 13902, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Shaozhen Nie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, 19426, Collegeville, PA, USA
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2
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Kishida S, Takano M, Sekiya T, Ukaji Y, Endo K. Cyclopropenes for the Stepwise Synthesis of 1,2,4,5-Tetraarylbenzenes via 1,4-Cyclohexadienes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14833-14839. [PMID: 36201259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a synthetic approach to the synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetraarylbenzene derivatives from cyclopropenes. The Lewis acid-mediated dimerization of cyclopropenes gives tricyclo[3.1.0.02,4]hexane derivatives. The subsequent thermal ring-opening reaction under solvent-free conditions gives 1,4-cyclohexadienes bearing quaternary carbons. The novel Br2-mediated oxidative rearrangement of 1,4-cyclohexadienes takes place to give 1,2,4,5-tetraarylbenzene derivatives in high to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Misaki Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takuya Sekiya
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ukaji
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Endo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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3
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Tan P, Wang H, Wang SR. Nucleophilic Migratory Cyclopropenation of Activated Alkynes: A Nonmetal Approach to Unbiased Cyclopropenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:2590-2594. [PMID: 33754741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented reductive [2 + 1] annulation of α-keto esters with alkynones mediated by P(NMe2)3 is described. Although this nonmetal cyclopropenation is a nucleophilic process, attributed to the ester migration via a formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of Kukhtin-Ramirez adducts and alkynones followed by a fragmentation, cyclopropenes with an unbiased alkene scaffold are formed in good to excellent yields, thus providing a promising complementarity to electrophilic metal-catalyzed cyclopropenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Tan
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Lu, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Lu, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sunewang R Wang
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Lu, Shanghai 200241, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Lu, Shanghai 200062, China
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4
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Altmann L, Zantop V, Wenisch P, Diesendorf N, Heinrich MR. Visible Light Promoted, Catalyst-Free Radical Carbohydroxylation and Carboetherification under Mild Biomimetic Conditions. Chemistry 2021; 27:2452-2462. [PMID: 33006177 PMCID: PMC7898656 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metal and catalyst-free carbohydroxylations and carboetherifications at room temperature have been achieved by a combination of beneficial factors including high aryl diazonium concentration and visible light irradiation. The acceleration of the reaction by visible light irradiation is particularly remarkable against the background that neither the aryldiazonium salt nor the alkene show absorptions in the respective range of wavelength. These observations point to weak charge transfer interactions between diazonium salt and alkene, which are nevertheless able to considerably influence the reaction course. As highly promising perspective, many more aryldiazonium-based radical arylations might benefit from simple light irradiation without requiring a photocatalyst or particular additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa‐Marie Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Viviane Zantop
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Pia Wenisch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Nina Diesendorf
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
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5
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Müller DS, Raoul Y, Le Nôtre J, Baslé O, Mauduit M. In Situ Generation of Ru-Based Metathesis Catalyst. A Systematic Study. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Müller
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yann Raoul
- OLEON SAS, Venette BP 20609, 60206 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Le Nôtre
- PIVERT SAS, Rue les Rives de l’Oise CS50149, 60201 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Baslé
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marc Mauduit
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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6
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Maslivetc V, Barrett C, Aksenov NA, Rubina M, Rubin M. Intramolecular nucleophilic addition of carbanions generated from N-benzylamides to cyclopropenes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:285-294. [PMID: 29242861 PMCID: PMC5755969 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02068f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An unusual reaction is described, involving a formal intramolecular nucleophilic substitution of bromocyclopropanes with nitrogen ylides generated in situ from N-benzyl carboxamides. It is shown that this reaction involves cyclopropene intermediates and allows for the facile and expeditious preparation of 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Maslivetc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, USA.
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7
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Ryabchuk P, Matheny JP, Rubina M, Rubin M. Templated Assembly of Chiral Medium-Sized Cyclic Ethers via 8-endo-trig Nucleophilic Cyclization of Cyclopropenes. Org Lett 2016; 18:6272-6275. [PMID: 27978680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ryabchuk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Straße 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Jonathon P. Matheny
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Marina Rubina
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael Rubin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russian Federation
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8
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Yoshida M, Kobayashi A, Nakayama A, Namba K. Synthesis of functionalized 2,3-dihydropyrroles by oxidative radical cyclization of N-Sulfonyl β-enamino esters with alkenes. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Hu J, Liu Y, Gong Y. Direct Construction of the 9H-Pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepin-9-amine Skeletonvia[4+3] Annulation of Alkyl 2-Aroyl-1-chlorocyclo- propanecarboxylates. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Østby RB, Stenstrøm YH, Didriksen T. The Use of Flow Chemistry for Two-Phase Dibromocyclopropanation of Alkenes. J Flow Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Zhang M, Guo J, Gong Y. Highly Regioselective Cascade Formal Nucleophilic Substitution and Aldol Condensation of 2-Aroyl-1-chlorocyclopropanecarboxylic Esters. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Zhang M, Luo F, Gong Y. Stereoselective Cascade Formal Nucleophilic Substitution and Mannich Reaction of Ethyl 2-Aroyl-1-chlorocyclopropanecarboxylates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1335-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402739f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuefa Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Sawano T, Ou K, Nishimura T, Hayashi T. Cobalt-Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Silylacetylenes to 1,1-Disubstituted Allenes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8986-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401604n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sawano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiyu Ou
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishimura
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tamio Hayashi
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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14
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Banning JE, Gentillon J, Ryabchuk PG, Prosser AR, Rogers A, Edwards A, Holtzen A, Babkov IA, Rubina M, Rubin M. Formal Substitution of Bromocyclopropanes with Nitrogen Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7601-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4011798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Banning
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Jacob Gentillon
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Pavel G. Ryabchuk
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Anthony R. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Andrew Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Andrew Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Andrew Holtzen
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Ivan A. Babkov
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Marina Rubina
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Michael Rubin
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
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15
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Yoshida M, Takai H, Yodokawa S, Shishido K. Regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized hydroxyhexahydrocyclopenta[b]furancarboxylates by oxidative radical cyclization of cyclic β-keto esters with alkenes. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Abstract
This critical review discusses recent developments in the field of cyclopropene chemistry. Although several excellent reviews that mainly focused on the thermolysis and pyrolysis as well as metal-mediated reactions of cyclopropenes have been published, significant new developments have also been achieved in recent years. This brand new review provides an overview of the progress from 2007 to 2011 on the syntheses and transformations of cyclopropenes as well as their related mechanistic studies (238 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China 200032
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17
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Bugaut X, Liu F, Glorius F. N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed intermolecular hydroacylation of cyclopropenes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8130-3. [PMID: 21520959 DOI: 10.1021/ja202594g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the first intermolecular NHC-catalyzed hydroacylation of electron-neutral olefins. Treatment of aromatic aldehydes with cyclopropenes under mild conditions affords valuable acylcyclopropanes in moderate to high yields with an excellent level of diastereocontrol. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that product formation occurs via a concerted syn hydroacylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bugaut
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fan Liu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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18
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Banning JE, Prosser AR, Alnasleh BK, Smarker J, Rubina M, Rubin M. Diastereoselectivity Control in Formal Nucleophilic Substitution of Bromocyclopropanes with Oxygen- and Sulfur-Based Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3968-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Banning
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
| | - Anthony R. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
| | - Bassam K. Alnasleh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
| | - Jason Smarker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
| | - Marina Rubina
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
| | - Michael Rubin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
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19
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Taniguchi T, Zaimoku H, Ishibashi H. A Mild Oxidative Aryl Radical Addition into Alkenes by Aerobic Oxidation of Arylhydrazines. Chemistry 2011; 17:4307-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Taniguchi T, Fujii T, Ishibashi H. Iron-Mediated Radical Halo-Nitration of Alkenes. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8126-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101769d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujii
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishibashi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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21
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Alnasleh BK, Sherrill WM, Rubina M, Banning J, Rubin M. Highly Diastereoselective Formal Nucleophilic Substitution of Bromocyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6906-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja900634m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bassam K. Alnasleh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - William M. Sherrill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Marina Rubina
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Joseph Banning
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Michael Rubin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
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