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Uliana MP, da Cruz Rodrigues A, Ono BA, Pratavieira S, de Oliveira KT, Kurachi C. Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms Using Semisynthetic Chlorophyll a Derivatives as Photosensitizers. Molecules 2022; 27:5769. [PMID: 36144496 PMCID: PMC9653790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the semisynthesis of cost-effective photosensitizers (PSs) derived from chlorophyll a containing different substituents and using previously described methods from the literature. We compared their structures when used in photodynamic inactivation (PDI) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans under different conditions. The PSs containing carboxylic acids and butyl groups were highly effective against S. aureus and C. albicans following our PDI protocol. Overall, our results indicate that these nature-inspired PSs are a promising alternative to selectively inactivate microorganisms using PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciana Pierina Uliana
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13560-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13565-905, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu CEP 85866-000, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Andrade Ono
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Kleber Thiago de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13560-970, Brazil
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Sitte E, Senge MO. The Red Color of Life Transformed - Synthetic Advances and Emerging Applications of Protoporphyrin IX in Chemical Biology. European J Org Chem 2020; 2020:3171-3191. [PMID: 32612451 PMCID: PMC7319466 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is the porphyrin scaffold of heme b, a ubiquitous prosthetic group of proteins responsible for oxygen binding (hemoglobin, myoglobin), electron transfer (cytochrome c) and catalysis (cytochrome P450, catalases, peroxidases). PPIX and its metallated derivatives frequently find application as therapeutic agents, imaging tools, catalysts, sensors and in light harvesting. The vast toolkit of accessible porphyrin functionalization reactions enables easy synthetic modification of PPIX to meet the requirements for its multiple uses. In the past few years, particular interest has arisen in exploiting the interaction of PPIX and its synthetic derivatives with biomolecules such as DNA and heme-binding proteins to evolve molecular devices with new functions as well as to uncover potential therapeutic toeholds. This review strives to shine a light on the most recent developments in the synthetic chemistry of PPIX and its uses in selected fields of chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Sitte
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse Street2DublinIreland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse Street2DublinIreland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenberg‐Str. 2a85748GarchingGermany
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Gonzales J, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Hart D, Yuen M, Sifuentes MP, Samarxhiu B, Maranan M, Berisha N, Batteas J, Drain CM. One-Pot Synthesis of Four Chlorin Derivatives by a Divergent Ylide. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6307-6314. [PMID: 29775305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorins have unique photophysical properties that are exploited in diverse biological and materials applications. De novo chlorin synthesis with specific exocyclic motifs can be challenging and many are not stable to photobleaching and/or oxidation. A facile approach to a stable synthetic chlorin with a fused N-methyl pyrrolidine uses cyclo addition of a sarcosine-based azomethine ylide on 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin (TPPF20) is reported, but this approach has limitations. We report the synthesis of stable chlorin scaffolds starting with TPPF20 using a new glycine-based N-(hydroxymethyl)- N-methelenemethanideaminium ylide. Careful control of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction allows a divergent use of the glycine derived ylide to yield four new chlorins, including the fused NH-pyrrolidine, two dimers, and the same N-methyl chlorin product from the sarcosine ylide reaction. The mechanism begins with the formation of a bis(hydroxymethyl)glycine, which then dehydrates and decarboxylates to form the active N-(hydroxymethyl)- N-methelenemethanideaminium ylide, which then reacts with TPPF20 to form a key N-(hydroxymethyl)-17,18-pyrrolidinyl-chlorin intermediate. Deformylation of this intermediate affords the (17,18-pyrrolidinyl)-chlorin, whereas a Cannizzaro-type reaction promotes a hydride attack to an imine chlorin cation to yield the N-methyl chlorin. The exocyclic NH-pyrrolidine provides a unique mode of attaching chiral moieties that avoids formation of diasteromers at the bridgehead carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junior Gonzales
- Department of Chemistry , Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,The Graduate Center of The City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - N V S Dinesh K Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry , Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Daniel Hart
- Department of Chemistry , Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Man Yuen
- Department of Chemistry , Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Maria Pia Sifuentes
- Department of Chemistry , Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Bleron Samarxhiu
- Department of Chemistry , Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Mark Maranan
- Department of Chemistry , Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Naxhije Berisha
- Department of Chemistry , Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - James Batteas
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-3255 , United States
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry , Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,The Rockefeller University , New York , New York 10016 , United States
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GOMES ANAT, NEVES MARIAG, CAVALEIRO JOSÉA. Cancer, Photodynamic Therapy and Porphyrin-Type Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:993-1026. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Cerqueira AFR, Moura NMM, Serra VV, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Neves MGPMS. β-Formyl- and β-Vinylporphyrins: Magic Building Blocks for Novel Porphyrin Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081269. [PMID: 28758915 PMCID: PMC6152163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins bearing formyl or vinyl groups have been explored as starting materials to prepare new compounds with adequate features for different applications. In this review it is discussed mainly synthetic strategies based on the reaction of meso-tetraarylporphyrins bearing those groups at β-pyrrolic positions. The use of some of the obtained porphyrin derivatives for further transformations, namely via pericyclic reactions, is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F R Cerqueira
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Nuno M M Moura
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Vanda Vaz Serra
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Almeida J, Aguiar A, Leite A, Silva AMN, Cunha-Silva L, de Castro B, Rangel M, Barone G, Tomé AC, Silva AMG. 1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions with meso-tetraarylchlorins – site selectivity and mixed bisadducts. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00771f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mixed bisadducts resulting from the sequential addition of a nitrone and an azomethine ylide to the porphyrin macrocycle were efficiently obtained, in a site selective approach.
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins. Chem Rev 2016; 117:344-535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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8
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Uliana MP, Servilha BM, Alexopoulos O, de Oliveira KT, Tormena CF, Ferreira MA, Brocksom TJ. The Diels–Alder reactions of para-benzoquinone nitrogen-derivatives: an experimental and theoretical study. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Betoni Momo P, Pavani C, Baptista MS, Brocksom TJ, Thiago de Oliveira K. Chemical Transformations and Photophysical Properties ofmeso-Tetrathienyl-Substituted Porphyrin Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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de Souza JM, de Assis FF, Carvalho CM, Cavaleiro JA, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Synthesis of non-aggregating chlorins and isobacteriochlorins from meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin: a study using 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions under mild conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Uliana MP, Pires L, Pratavieira S, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT, Bagnato VS, Kurachi C. Photobiological characteristics of chlorophyll a derivatives as microbial PDT agents. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1137-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50376c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorin-e6 (chl-e6) and a hydrogenated derivative (chl-e6H) were semi-synthesized, and their photophysical properties and photodynamic activity againstEscherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureusandCandida albicansevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciana P. Uliana
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos – Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos, Brazil
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
- São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Layla Pires
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos – Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Kurachi
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos – Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos, Brazil
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12
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Bhosale SV, Bhosale SV, Shitre GV, Bobe SR, Gupta A. Supramolecular Chemistry of Protoporphyrin IX and Its Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Tomé AC, Neves MG, Cavaleiro JA. Porphyrins and other pyrrolic macrocycles in cycloaddition reactions. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and other pyrrolic macrocycles can participate in a range of pericyclic reactions. This review deals mainly with their use in Diels-Alder reactions (as dienes and dienophiles) and in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions (as 1,3-dipoles and dipolarophiles)
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto C. Tomé
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - José A.S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Vale LSHP, Barata JFB, Santos CIM, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Silva AMS, Paz FAA, Cavaleiro JAS. Corroles in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The azomethine ylide generated from the reaction of a corrole-3-carbaldehyde and N-methylglycine was trapped with dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and fullerene C60 in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. A similar azomethine ylide generated from a corrole-2-carbaldehyde was trapped with 1,4-naphthoquinone, yielding the expected dehydrogenated 1,3-dipolar cycloadduct and a quinone-fused corrole derivative. A detailed synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the gallium(III)(pyridine) complex of 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole-3-carbaldehyde is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís S. H. P. Vale
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana F. B. Barata
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla I. M. Santos
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Augusto C. Tomé
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe A. A. Paz
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Uchoa AF, de Oliveira KT, Baptista MS, Bortoluzzi AJ, Iamamoto Y, Serra OA. Chlorin photosensitizers sterically designed to prevent self-aggregation. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8824-32. [PMID: 21932835 DOI: 10.1021/jo201568n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical evaluation of new chlorin derivatives are described. The Diels-Alder reaction between protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester and substituted maleimides furnishes endo-adducts that completely prevent the self-aggregation of the chlorins. Fluorescence, resonant light scattering (RLS) and (1)H NMR experiments, as well as X-ray crystallographic have demonstrated that the configurational arrangement of the synthesized chlorins prevent π-stacking interactions between macrocycles, thus indicating that it is a nonaggregating photosensitizer with high singlet oxygen (Φ(Δ)) and fluorescence (Φ(f)) quantum yields. Our results show that this type of synthetic strategy may provide the lead to a new generation of PDT photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjaci F Uchoa
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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16
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Carvalho CMB, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Paz FAA, Silva AMS, Cavaleiro JAS. 1,3-Dioxopyrrolo[3,4-b]porphyrins: synthesis and chemistry. Org Lett 2010; 13:130-3. [PMID: 21128643 DOI: 10.1021/ol102691s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel 1,3-dioxopyrrolo[3,4-b]porphyrin (2) has been synthesized in 70% yield following a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of pyrrolo[3,4-b]porphyrin 1 with (1)O(2). The new imide was used as a template to other 1,3-dioxopyrrolo[3,4-b]porphyrins and to the corresponding open counterparts. The UV/vis absorption spectra of the new compounds show significant red-shifts when compared with those of the nonsubstituted analogues. The structure of an imide derivative was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M B Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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17
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Porphyrin–phospholipid interaction and ring metallation depending on the phospholipid polar head type. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 350:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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de Oliveira KT, de Assis FF, Ribeiro AO, Neri CR, Fernandes AU, Baptista MS, Lopes NP, Serra OA, Iamamoto Y. Synthesis of Phthalocyanines−ALA Conjugates: Water-Soluble Compounds with Low Aggregation. J Org Chem 2009; 74:7962-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901633a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto−SP, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC-UFABC, Rua Santa Adélia 166, Bangu, 09210-170, Santo André−SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco F. de Assis
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto−SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson O. Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC-UFABC, Rua Santa Adélia 166, Bangu, 09210-170, Santo André−SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio R. Neri
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto−SP, Brazil
| | - Adjaci U. Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto−SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000, São Paulo−SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S. Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000, São Paulo−SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto P. Lopes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto−SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo A. Serra
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto−SP, Brazil
| | - Yassuko Iamamoto
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto−SP, Brazil
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