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Urban A, De Feyter S. Making and Breaking Helical Open-Chain Oligopyrroles. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300708. [PMID: 38224308 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Closed-chain oligopyrroles such as porphyrins or corroles have been well-established in literature and experience a steadily strong interest by several fields of science. However, their open-chain derivatives are comparatively underrepresented, despite their intriguing properties and promising applications. Here, we aim to review typical synthetic routes, as well as point towards several emergent properties, marking them as interesting candidates for various fields of study. The review focuses on two traditional methods (each starting from highly symmetric metalloporphyrins) and then expands its scope towards more recent variations before moving on to more exotic and recent highlights that have yet to be included into the canon. Key chemical reactivities (ring closure, substitution and fragmentation) are then followed by notable physicochemical properties, placing special emphasis on potential uses in molecular electronics and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Urban
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Temelli B, Kapci P. Synthesis of meso-pyrrole-substituted corroles by condensation of 1,9-diformyldipyrromethanes with pyrrole. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1403-1409. [PMID: 36262669 PMCID: PMC9551205 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A copper triflate-mediated approach to access copper complexes of pyrrole-substituted corroles from the reaction of 1,9-diformyldipyrromethanes and an excess amount of pyrrole is presented for the first time. This procedure is a simple and efficient way for the preparation of corroles with a polymerizable substituent on meso-positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Temelli
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe Campus, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pinar Kapci
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe Campus, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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Nakamura K, Sugiura S, Araoka F, Aya S, Takanishi Y, Watanabe G, Sato R, Shigeta Y, Maeda H. Conformation-Changeable π-Electronic Systems with Metastable Bent-Core Conformations and Liquid-Crystalline-State Electric-Field-Responsive Properties. Org Lett 2021; 23:305-310. [PMID: 33306400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the use of nonconventional bent-core π-electronic systems, 2,2'-bipyrroles substituted with modified benzoyl units, as building units of stimuli-responsive assemblies. Electric-field-responsive mesophase behaviors were observed in homochiral synclinic ferroelectric smectic C structures comprising the syn conformations. Electric-field application induced changes in the polarized optical microscopy textures with dynamic behaviors derived from the conversion from twisted to untwisted states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugiura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Fumito Araoka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Aya
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takanishi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Go Watanabe
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ryuma Sato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Suita 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan.,Department of Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
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Abstract
A large number of porphyrinoids containing 2,2'-bipyrrole subunits have appeared since they were originally found as a component of sapphyrin and corrole, and it was found that the bipyrrole subunit endowed macrocycles with specific geometric features and electronic properties. Synthetic methods for bipyrrole-containing precursors for porphyrinoid are summarized in this review; these include coupling reactions of pyrrole rings, pyrrole ring-forming reactions leading directly to bipyrrole units, and synthetic reactions for oligopyrrolic compounds. Some hybrid oligopyrroles having nonpyrrole (hetero)aromatic ring(s) are also included. This review also describes porphyrinoids composed of bipyrrole subunits. Interesting electronic properties derived from strong cyclo-π-conjugation are highlighted in the bipyrrole-based porphyrinoids with or without meso-like carbons. Anion-binding chemistry is one of the main topics for bipyrrole-based macrocycles with less efficient or deficient cyclo-π-conjugation, such as those linked with electronically localized aromatic ring(s), with sp3 carbon(s), and with amido or imine connection(s). The principal concern in this review is porphyrinoids of relatively large ring size, composed of more than five units of pyrroles and (hetero)aromatic substitutes in total, and so bipyrrole-based porphyrinoids up to five pyrrolic units, such as corroles, porphycenes, sapphyrins, and smaragdyrin, will not be covered here except for some special cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Setsune
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Nakamura K, Yasuda N, Maeda H. Dimension-controlled assemblies of modified bipyrroles stabilized by electron-withdrawing moieties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7157-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03423c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzoyl-substituted bipyrroles possessing aliphatic chains were synthesized and formed a variety of dimension-controlled assembled structures as mesophases using various intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Sciences
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu 525–8577
- Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Research and Utilization Division
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute
- Sayo 679–5198
- Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Sciences
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu 525–8577
- Japan
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Rhoda HM, Crandall LA, Geier GR, Ziegler CJ, Nemykin VN. Combined MCD/DFT/TDDFT Study of the Electronic Structure of Axially Pyridine Coordinated Metallocorroles. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:4652-62. [PMID: 25950991 DOI: 10.1021/ic502946t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of metallocorroles were investigated by UV-vis and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopies. The diamagnetic distorted square-pyramidal main-group corrole Ga(tpfc)py (2), the diamagnetic distorted octahedral transition-metal adduct Co(tpfc)(py)2 (3), and paramagnetic distorted octahedral transition-metal complex Fe(tpfc)(py)2 (4) [H3tpfc = tris(perfluorophenyl)corrole] were studied to investigate similarities and differences in the electronic structure and spectroscopy of the closed- and open-shell metallocorroles. Similar to the free-base H3tpfc (1), inspection of the MCD Faraday B-terms for all of the macrocycles presented in this report revealed that a ΔHOMO < ΔLUMO [ΔHOMO is the energy difference between two highest energy corrole-centered π-orbitals and ΔLUMO is the energy difference between two lowest energy corrole-centered π*-orbitals originating from ML ± 4 and ML ± 5 pairs of perimeter] condition is present for each complex, which results in an unusual sign-reversed sequence for π-π* transitions in their MCD spectra. In addition, the MCD spectra of the cobalt and the iron complexes were also complicated by a number of charge-transfer states in the visible region. Iron complex 4 also exhibits a low-energy absorption in the NIR region (1023 nm). DFT and TDDFT calculations were used to elaborate the electronic structures and provide band assignments in UV-vis and MCD spectra of the metallocorroles. DFT and TDDFT calculations predict that the orientation of the axial pyridine ligand(s) has a very minor influence on the calculated electronic structures and absorption spectra in the target systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A Crandall
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, 190 E. Buchtel Common, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - G Richard Geier
- §Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Christopher J Ziegler
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, 190 E. Buchtel Common, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
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Ooi S, Tanaka T, Osuka A. Synthesis and Characterization ofcis-A2B-Typemeso-Triaryl-Substituted Corroles. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Maeda H, Nishimura T, Tsujii A, Takaishi K, Uchiyama M, Muranaka A. Helical π-Systems of Bidipyrrin–Metal Complexes. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akira Tsujii
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Kazuto Takaishi
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO
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Hong T, Song H, Li X, Zhang W, Xie Y. Syntheses of mono- and diacylated bipyrroles with rich substitution modes and development of a prodigiosin derivative as a fluorescent Zn(ii) probe. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Czerski I, Listkowski A, Nawrocki J, Urbańska N, Piwoński H, Sokołowski A, Pietraszkiewicz O, Pietraszkiewicz M, Waluk J. The long and winding road to new porphycenes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612500733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe attempts — not always successful — made over the years to improve the efficiency of porphycene synthesis and to produce novel compounds, custom-designed for specific purposes. New porphycenes are reported, some of them obtained rather unexpectedly as by-products of the planned reactions. Structure and energy computations of possible tautomeric forms in porphycenes substituted by one, two, three, and four tert-butyl groups lead to predictions regarding the kinetics and mechanisms of intramolecular double hydrogen transfer. The occurrence of tautomerization in single molecules of tert-butylsubstituted porphycenes is demonstrated by using fluorescence polarization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Czerski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Listkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, Warsaw 01-815, Poland
| | - Jan Nawrocki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Natalia Urbańska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Hubert Piwoński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Adam Sokołowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Oksana Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Marek Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, Warsaw 01-815, Poland
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11
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Lemon CM, Brothers PJ. The synthesis, reactivity, and peripheral functionalization of corroles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Corroles are unusual macrocycles that often exhibit chemical reactivity that is distinct from their closely related porphyrin cousins. Standard organic transformations with corroles often result in the formation of unexpected products. A survey of synthetic methods for the preparation of both meso-substituted and β-substituted corroles will give an overview of the different synthetic strategies. This review provides a comprehensive description of the chemical reactivity and functionalization of corroles, focusing especially on reactions at the periphery of the macrocycle. Formylation, nitration, bromination and chlorosulfonation reactions will be explored in detail. In addition, demetalation processes, reactivity of the N-pyrrolic nitrogens and the lability of the macrocycle ring toward expansion and ring-opening reactions will be discussed. Finally, the synthesis of super-structured (picket-fence, capped, and strapped) corroles and isocorroles will be surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Lemon
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Penelope J. Brothers
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Flint DL, Fowler RL, LeSaulnier TD, Long AC, O’Brien AY, Geier GR. Investigation of Complementary Reactions of a Dipyrromethane with a Dipyrromethanemonocarbinol Leading to a 5-Isocorrole. J Org Chem 2009; 75:553-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902452c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danette L. Flint
- Colgate University, Department of Chemistry, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346
| | - Rachel L. Fowler
- Colgate University, Department of Chemistry, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346
| | | | - Andrew C. Long
- Colgate University, Department of Chemistry, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346
| | - Anna Y. O’Brien
- Colgate University, Department of Chemistry, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346
| | - G. Richard Geier
- Colgate University, Department of Chemistry, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346
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