1
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Yoshimi Y. Organic Photoredox Reactions in Two-Molecule Photoredox System. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300326. [PMID: 38050955 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Using our recent relevant results, this account shows the featured reactivities of two-molecule photoredox systems compared to one-molecule photoredox systems. The low efficiency of electron transfer processes, such as photoinduced and back-electron transfer, in the two-molecule photoredox system, furnishes unique products through different pathways. The facile replacement of photoredox catalysts with appropriate oxidation/reduction potentials in this system provides valuable insights into photoredox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Yoshimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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2
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Xiong Y, Wu X. Deoxygenative coupling of alcohols with aromatic nitriles enabled by direct visible light excitation. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9316-9320. [PMID: 37982141 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01676e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
A general and practical protocol is presented for visible-light-driven deoxygenative coupling of alcohols with aromatic nitriles in the absence of external photocatalysts. Utilizing a hydroxyl activation strategy with carbon disulfide, this C(sp3)-C(sp2) constructing platform accommodates a broad scope of alcohols and aryl nitriles to deliver various alkyl-substituted arenes. Mechanism studies show that a single electron transfer event between a photoexcited aryl nitrile and a xanthate anion is key to the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
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3
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Karmakar S, Silamkoti A, Meanwell NA, Mathur A, Gupta AK. Utilization of C(
sp
3
)‐Carboxylic Acids and Their Redox‐Active Esters in Decarboxylative Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhen Karmakar
- Department of Discovery Synthesis Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center (BBRC) Biocon Park Bommasandra IV Phase Jigani Link Road Bangalore 560 099 India
| | - Arundutt Silamkoti
- Department of Discovery Synthesis Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center (BBRC) Biocon Park Bommasandra IV Phase Jigani Link Road Bangalore 560 099 India
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery Research and Early Development Bristol Myers Squibb P.O. Box 4000 Princeton New Jersey 08543-4000 USA
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery Research and Early Development Bristol Myers Squibb P.O. Box 4000 Princeton New Jersey 08543-4000 USA
| | - Arun Kumar Gupta
- Department of Discovery Synthesis Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center (BBRC) Biocon Park Bommasandra IV Phase Jigani Link Road Bangalore 560 099 India
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4
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Abstract
We report the photosubstitution of one cyano group in dicyanobenzene-based photocatalysts and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. The reaction is a general degradation pathway for some widely used organic photocatalysts such as 4CzIPN and suggests that the active photocatalyst in many reactions is likely different from 4CzIPN. On the contrary, photosubstitution is a facile route to diverse highly reducing photocatalysts and blue TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Grotjahn
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Chen X, Yun Y, Dong Z, Zhou Y, Li F, Jiang N, Chen D. Unusual transformation of 4-hydroxy/methoxybenzylic alcohols via C C ipso-substitution reaction using proton-exchanged montmorillonite as media. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Phillips D, Brodie G, Memarzadeh S, Tang GL, France DJ. MIDA boronate allylation – synthesis of ibuprofen. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30624-30630. [PMID: 35516040 PMCID: PMC9056333 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
MIDA boronates are among the most useful reagents for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. This chemistry typically generates new bonds between two aromatic rings, thereby restricting access to important areas of chemical space. Here we demonstrate the coupling of MIDA boronates to allylic electrophiles, including a new synthesis of the well-known COX inhibitor ibuprofen. Here we demonstrate the coupling of MIDA boronates to allylic electrophiles, including a new synthesis of the well-known COX inhibitor ibuprofen.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glen Brodie
- School of Chemistry
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
- UK
| | | | - Gi Lum Tang
- School of Chemistry
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
- UK
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7
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Picosecond to millisecond tracking of a photocatalytic decarboxylation reaction provides direct mechanistic insights. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5152. [PMID: 31723133 PMCID: PMC6853971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13154-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The photochemical decarboxylation of carboxylic acids is a versatile route to free radical intermediates for chemical synthesis. However, the sequential nature of this multi-step reaction renders the mechanism challenging to probe. Here, we employ a 100 kHz mid-infrared probe in a transient absorption spectroscopy experiment to track the decarboxylation of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in acetonitrile-d3 over picosecond to millisecond timescales using a photooxidant pair (phenanthrene and 1,4-dicyanobenzene). Selective excitation of phenanthrene at 256 nm enables a diffusion-limited photoinduced electron transfer to 1,4-dicyanobenzene. A measured time offset in the rise of the CO2 byproduct reports on the lifetime (520 ± 120 ns) of a reactive carboxyl radical in solution, and spectroscopic observation of the carboxyl radical confirm its formation as a reaction intermediate. Precise clocking of the lifetimes of radicals generated in situ by an activated C-C bond fission will pave the way for improving the photocatalytic selectivity and turnover.
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8
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Ozaki Y, Yamada T, Mizuno T, Osaka K, Yamawaki M, Maeda H, Morita T, Yoshimi Y. Retention of chirality of 5-membered alicyclic α-amino acids bearing N-(2-phenyl)benzoyl group in photoinduced decarboxylative intermolecular radical addition to acrylonitrile. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Iwasaki T, Tajimi Y, Kameda K, Kingwell C, Wcislo W, Osaka K, Yamawaki M, Morita T, Yoshimi Y. Synthesis of 23-, 25-, 27-, and 29-Membered ( Z)-Selective Unsaturated and Saturated Macrocyclic Lactones from 16- and 17-Membered Macrocyclic Lactones and Bromoalcohols by Wittig Reaction, Yamaguchi Macrolactonization, and Photoinduced Decarboxylative Radical Macrolactonization. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8019-8026. [PMID: 31136179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the synthesis of 23-, 25-, 27-, and 29-membered ( Z)-selective unsaturated and saturated macrocyclic lactones from commercially available 16- and 17-membered macrocyclic lactones and bromoalcohols by Wittig reaction, Yamaguchi macrolactonization, and photoinduced decarboxylative radical macrolactonization is described. The position of the unsaturated part in the macrocyclic lactones can be controlled by changing the number of carbons in the starting materials. This protocol can provide facile access to the desired large-ring ( Z)-selective unsaturated and saturated macrocyclic lactones from simple starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Iwasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Yuka Tajimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Kenta Kameda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Callum Kingwell
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute , Luis Clement Avenue, Building 401 Tupper , Balboa Ancon, Panama 0843-03092 , Republic of Panama
| | - William Wcislo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute , Luis Clement Avenue, Building 401 Tupper , Balboa Ancon, Panama 0843-03092 , Republic of Panama
| | - Kazuyuki Osaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Mugen Yamawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Toshio Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yoshimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
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10
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Osaka K, Usami A, Iwasaki T, Yamawaki M, Morita T, Yoshimi Y. Sequential Intermolecular Radical Addition and Reductive Radical Cyclization of Tyrosine and Phenylalanine Derivatives with Alkenes via Photoinduced Decarboxylation: Access to Ring-Constrained γ-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9480-9488. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Osaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Ayuka Usami
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoya Iwasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Mugen Yamawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Toshio Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yoshimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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11
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Donabauer K, Maity M, Berger AL, Huff GS, Crespi S, König B. Photocatalytic carbanion generation - benzylation of aliphatic aldehydes to secondary alcohols. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5162-5166. [PMID: 31183069 PMCID: PMC6524566 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01356c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a redox-neutral method for the photocatalytic generation of carbanions.
We present a redox-neutral method for the photocatalytic generation of carbanions. Benzylic carboxylates are photooxidized by single electron transfer; immediate CO2 extrusion and reduction of the in situ formed radical yields a carbanion capable of reacting with aliphatic aldehydes as electrophiles giving the Grignard analogous reaction product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Donabauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Mitasree Maity
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Anna Lucia Berger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Gregory S Huff
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
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12
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Holzschneider K, Häring AP, Kirsch SF. 2,2-Diazido-1,2-diarylethanones: Synthesis and Reactivity with Primary Amines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Holzschneider
- Organic Chemistry; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Andreas P. Häring
- Organic Chemistry; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Stefan F. Kirsch
- Organic Chemistry; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
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13
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Tanaka Y, Kubosaki S, Osaka K, Yamawaki M, Morita T, Yoshimi Y. Two Types of Cross-Coupling Reactions between Electron-Rich and Electron-Deficient Alkenes Assisted by Nucleophilic Addition Using an Organic Photoredox Catalyst. J Org Chem 2018; 83:13625-13635. [PMID: 30176147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two types of photoreactions between electronically differentiated donor and acceptor alkenes assisted by nucleophilic addition using an organic photoredox catalyst efficiently afforded 1:1 or 2:1 cross-coupling adducts. A variety of alkenes and alcohols were employed in the photoreaction. Control of the reaction pathway (i.e., the formation of the 1:1 or 2:1 adduct) was achieved by varying the concentration of the alcohol used. Detailed mechanistic studies suggested that the organic photoredox catalyst acts as an effective electron mediator to promote the formation of the cross-coupling adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Suzuka Kubosaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Osaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Mugen Yamawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Toshio Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yoshimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Fukui , 3-9-1 Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
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14
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Yamamoto T, Iwasaki T, Morita T, Yoshimi Y. Strategy for O-Alkylation of Serine and Threonine from Serinyl and Threoninyl Acetic Acids by Photoinduced Decarboxylative Radical Reactions: Connection between Serine/Threonine and Carbohydrates/Amino Acids at the Side Chain. J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoya Iwasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Toshio Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yoshimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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15
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Yamawaki M, Okita Y, Yamamoto T, Morita T, Yoshimi Y. Photoinduced electron transfer-promoted debenzylation of phenylalanine and tyrosine derivatives using dicyanoarene. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Liu P, Liu W, Li CJ. Catalyst-Free and Redox-Neutral Innate Trifluoromethylation and Alkylation of Aromatics Enabled by Light. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14315-14321. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Ministry
of Education Key laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug
Discovery, Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center
for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department
of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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17
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Yoshimi Y. Photoinduced electron transfer-promoted decarboxylative radical reactions of aliphatic carboxylic acids by organic photoredox system. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Yamawaki M, Ukai A, Kamiya Y, Sugihara S, Sakai M, Yoshimi Y. Metal-Free Photoinduced Decarboxylative Radical Polymerization Using Carboxylic Acids as Benign Radical Initiators: Introduction of Complex Molecules into Polymer Chain Ends. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:381-385. [PMID: 35610853 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free photoinduced decarboxylative radical polymerization of aliphatic carboxylic acids with a variety of monomers was found to proceed smoothly to give the corresponding polymers under mild conditions. Complex carboxylic acids such as those of sugars, steroids, and peptides can function as benign radical initiators via decarboxylation and can be incorporated at the polymer chain ends. This synthetic methodology represents a facile introduction of molecules and functionalities to polymers by using commercially available carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugen Yamawaki
- Department of Applied
Chemistry
and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Akari Ukai
- Department of Applied
Chemistry
and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Yuki Kamiya
- Department of Applied
Chemistry
and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shinji Sugihara
- Department of Applied
Chemistry
and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Miku Sakai
- Department of Applied
Chemistry
and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yoshimi
- Department of Applied
Chemistry
and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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19
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Lipp B, Lipp A, Detert H, Opatz T. Light-Induced Alkylation of (Hetero)aromatic Nitriles in a Transition-Metal-Free C–C-Bond Metathesis. Org Lett 2017; 19:2054-2057. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lipp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Lipp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiner Detert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Yamada T, Ozaki Y, Yamawaki M, Sugiura Y, Nishino K, Morita T, Yoshimi Y. Reductive ipso-radical cyclization onto aromatic rings of five-membered alicyclic amino acids bearing N-(2-phenyl)benzoyl groups by photoinduced electron transfer promoted decarboxylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Yang C, Yang JD, Li YH, Li X, Cheng JP. 9,10-Dicyanoanthracene Catalyzed Decarboxylative Alkynylation of Carboxylic Acids under Visible-Light Irradiation. J Org Chem 2016; 81:12357-12363. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi-He Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xin Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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22
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Yoshimi Y, Nishio A, Hayashi M, Morita T. Sunlight-induced decarboxylative radical addition of carboxylic acids to electron-deficient alkenes using a millitube reactor. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Peshkov RY, Wang C, Panteleeva EV, Tretyakov EV, Shteingarts VD. Synthesis of 4-(ω-X-alkyl)benzonitriles (X = 1,3-dioxan-2-yl, CN, CO2Et) by the reaction of terephthalonitrile dianion with ω-X-alkyl bromides in liquid ammonia. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-016-1602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Lipp B, Nauth AM, Opatz T. Transition-Metal-Free Decarboxylative Photoredox Coupling of Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols with Aromatic Nitriles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6875-82. [PMID: 27399619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free protocol for the redox-neutral light-induced decarboxylative coupling of carboxylic acids with (hetero)aromatic nitriles at ambient temperature is presented. A broad scope of acids and nitriles is accepted, and alcohols can be coupled in a similar fashion through their oxalate half esters. Various inexpensive sources of UV light and even sunlight can be used to achieve this C-C bond formation proceeding through a free radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lipp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander M Nauth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Capaldo L, Buzzetti L, Merli D, Fagnoni M, Ravelli D. Smooth Photocatalyzed Benzylation of Electrophilic Olefins via Decarboxylation of Arylacetic Acids. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7102-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Buzzetti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Merli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Nakajima K, Nojima S, Sakata K, Nishibayashi Y. Visible‐Light‐Mediated Aromatic Substitution Reactions of Cyanoarenes with 4‐Alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines through Double Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Nakajima
- Institute of Engineering Innovation School of Engineering The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Sunao Nojima
- Institute of Engineering Innovation School of Engineering The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Ken Sakata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hoshi University, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 142-8501 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Institute of Engineering Innovation School of Engineering The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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27
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N -Acryloyl amino acid esters and peptides as radical acceptors in photoinduced decarboxylative radical reaction. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Griffin JD, Zeller MA, Nicewicz DA. Hydrodecarboxylation of Carboxylic and Malonic Acid Derivatives via Organic Photoredox Catalysis: Substrate Scope and Mechanistic Insight. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11340-8. [PMID: 26291730 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A direct, catalytic hydrodecarboxylation of primary, secondary, and tertiary carboxylic acids is reported. The catalytic system consists of a Fukuzumi acridinium photooxidant with phenyldisulfide acting as a redox-active cocatalyst. Substoichiometric quantities of Hünig's base are used to reveal the carboxylate. Use of trifluoroethanol as a solvent allowed for significant improvements in substrate compatibilities, as the method reported is not limited to carboxylic acids bearing α heteroatoms or phenyl substitution. This method has been applied to the direct double decarboxylation of malonic acid derivatives, which allows for the convenient use of dimethyl malonate as a methylene synthon. Kinetic analysis of the reaction is presented showing a lack of a kinetic isotope effect when generating deuterothiophenol in situ as a hydrogen atom donor. Further kinetic analysis demonstrated first-order kinetics with respect to the carboxylate, while the reaction is zero-order in acridinium catalyst, consistent with another finding suggesting the reaction is light limiting and carboxylate oxidation is likely turnover limiting. Stern-Volmer analysis was carried out in order to determine the efficiency for the carboxylates to quench the acridinium excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Mary A Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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29
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Saito H, Kanetake T, Osaka K, Maeda K, Morita T, Yoshimi Y. A strategy for generating alkyl radicals from aliphatic esters and lactones via sequential hydrolysis and photoinduced decarboxylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Maeda K, Saito H, Osaka K, Nishikawa K, Sugie M, Morita T, Takahashi I, Yoshimi Y. Direct modification of tripeptides using photoinduced decarboxylative radical reactions. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Radical addition to acrylonitrile via catalytic photochemical decarboxylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Nishikawa K, Ando T, Maeda K, Morita T, Yoshimi Y. Photoinduced electron transfer promoted radical ring expansion and cyclization reactions of α-(ω-carboxyalkyl) β-keto esters. Org Lett 2013; 15:636-8. [PMID: 23343206 DOI: 10.1021/ol303460u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) promoted decarboxylation of α-(ω-carboxyalkyl) β-keto esters undergoes radical ring expansion and cyclization reactions. This mild and environmentally friendly method can provide one-carbon expanded γ-keto esters and bicyclic alcohols, and the product distribution is strongly dependent on the length of the alkyl chain containing the terminal carboxylate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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Nishikawa K, Yoshimi Y, Maeda K, Morita T, Takahashi I, Itou T, Inagaki S, Hatanaka M. Radical photocyclization route for macrocyclic lactone ring expansion and conversion to macrocyclic lactams and ketones. J Org Chem 2013; 78:582-9. [PMID: 23253018 DOI: 10.1021/jo3024126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of macrocyclic lactones, lactams, and ketones, which utilizes photoinduced intramolecular radical cyclization reactions of substrates containing tethered carboxylic acids and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moieties, has been uncovered. Photocyclization of the carboxylic acids tethered acrylate ester, which were prepared starting from the macrocyclic lactones, gave the two-carbon elongated macrocyclic lactones via decarboxylation. Similar photoreactions of carboxylic acid tethered acryl amide or α,β-unsaturated ketone moieties, which were also prepared starting from the macrocyclic lactones, produced macrocyclic lactams or ketones, respectively. The simple approach can be readily applied to the preparation of a variety of macrocyclic lactones, lactams, and ketones with tunable ring sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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Yoshimi Y. Generation of Alkyl Radicals from Carboxylic Acids via Photochemical Decarboxylation and its Application to Synthetic Reactions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2013. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.71.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Decarboxylative radical addition of N-Boc-amino acids to acrylonitrile via photoinduced electron transfer using 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Duplais C, Krasovskiy A, Lipshutz BH. Organozinc Chemistry Enabled by Micellar Catalysis. Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings between Alkyl and Aryl Bromides in Water at Room Temperature. Organometallics 2011; 30:6090-6097. [PMID: 23539206 DOI: 10.1021/om200846h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Negishi-like cross-couplings between (functionalized) alkyl and aryl bromides are described. Despite the fact that organozinc reagents are intolerant of water, their formation as well as their use in an aqueous micellar environment is discussed herein. Each component of this complex series of events leading up to C-C bond formation has an important role which has been determined insofar as the type of zinc, amine ligand, surfactant, and palladium catalyst are concerned. In particular, the nature of the surfactant has been found to be crucial in order to obtain synthetically useful results involving highly reactive, moisture-sensitive organometallics. Neither organic solvent nor heat is required for these cross-couplings to occur; just add water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Duplais
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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PhI(OAc)2-mediated iminobromination for synthesis of bromomethyl cyclic imines starting from alkenyl carbonitriles and Grignard reagents. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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39
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Itou T, Yoshimi Y, Nishikawa K, Morita T, Okada Y, Ichinose N, Hatanaka M. A mild deuterium exchange reaction of free carboxylic acids by photochemical decarboxylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:6177-9. [PMID: 20657946 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01464h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium exchange of a carboxy group was achieved by photochemical decarboxylation of free carboxylic acids in the presence of thiol and a small amount of D(2)O, and a deuterated product with excellent deuterium content was obtained; this reaction is a practical means of synthesizing regioselective deuterium-labelled compounds under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Itou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
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40
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Yoshimi Y, Hayashi S, Nishikawa K, Haga Y, Maeda K, Morita T, Itou T, Okada Y, Ichinose N, Hatanaka M. Influence of solvent, electron acceptors and arenes on photochemical decarboxylation of free carboxylic acids via single electron transfer (SET). Molecules 2010; 15:2623-30. [PMID: 20428069 PMCID: PMC6257324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15042623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single electron transfer (SET)-photochemical decarboxylation of free carboxylic acids was performed in a polar solvent using several arenes such as phenanthrene, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, biphenyl, triphenylene, and chrysene in the presence of various electron acceptors such as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dicyanobenzenes, methyl 4-cyanobenzoate, and 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene. The decarboxylation reaction was influenced by the arenes, electron acceptors, and solvent. The best result was achieved by the photoreaction using biphenyl and 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene in aqueous acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Yoshimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
| | - Shota Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Haga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Kousuke Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Toshio Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Itou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; E-Mail: (T.I.)
| | - Yutaka Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; E-Mail: (T.I.)
| | - Nobuyuki Ichinose
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institue of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; E-Mail: (N.I.)
| | - Minoru Hatanaka
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan; E-Mail: (M.H.)
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41
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Yoshimi Y, Kobayashi K, Kamakura H, Nishikawa K, Haga Y, Maeda K, Morita T, Itou T, Okada Y, Hatanaka M. Addition of alkyl radicals, generated from carboxylic acids via photochemical decarboxylation, to glyoxylic oxime ether: a mild and efficient route to α-substituted α-aminoesters. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Naka H, Ito K, Ueno M, Kobayashi K, Kondo Y. Generation of arylzinc reagents through an iodine–zinc exchange reaction promoted by a non-metallic organic superbase. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00202j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Yoshimi Y, Masuda M, Mizunashi T, Nishikawa K, Maeda K, Koshida N, Itou T, Morita T, Hatanaka M. Inter- and intramolecular addition reactions of electron-deficient alkenes with alkyl radicals, generated by SET-photochemical decarboxylation of carboxylic acids, serve as a mild and efficient method for the preparation of gamma-amino acids and macrocyclic lactones. Org Lett 2009; 11:4652-5. [PMID: 19751053 DOI: 10.1021/ol9019277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inter- and intramolecular additions of alkyl radicals, generated by SET photochemical decarboxylation reactions of free carboxylic acids, to electron-deficient alkenes take place under mild conditions as part of efficient routes for the formation of N-Boc gamma-amino acids and macrocyclic lactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Yoshimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
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