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Arifuzzaman MD, Zhao Y. Selective Hydrolysis of Nonactivated Aryl Esters at pH 7 through Cooperative Catalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3282-3287. [PMID: 36795622 PMCID: PMC10183976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Most reported artificial esterases only hydrolyze highly activated substrates. We here report synthetic catalysts that hydrolyze nonactivated aryl esters at pH 7, via cooperative action of a thiourea group that mimics the oxyanion hole of a serine protease and a nearby nucleophilic/basic pyridyl group. The molecularly imprinted active site distinguishes subtle structural changes in the substrate, including elongation of the acyl chain by two carbons or shift of a remote methyl group by one carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Arifuzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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2
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Bose I, Fa S, Zhao Y. Tunable Artificial Enzyme-Cofactor Complex for Selective Hydrolysis of Acetals. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1701-1711. [PMID: 33397107 PMCID: PMC8170846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes frequently use unimpressive functional groups such as weak carboxylic acids for efficient, highly selective catalysis including hydrolysis of acetals and even amides. Much stronger acids generally have to be used for such purposes in synthetic systems. We report here a method to position an acidic group near the acetal oxygen of 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-dioxolane bound by an artificial enzyme. The hydrolytic activity of the resulting artificial enzyme-cofactor complex was tuned by the number and depth of the active site as well as the hydrophobicity and acidity of the cofactor. The selectivity of the complex was controlled by the size and shape of the active site and enabled less reactive acetals to be hydrolyzed over more reactive ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111
| | - Shixin Fa
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111
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3
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Hu L, Zhao Y. A Bait‐and‐Switch Method for the Construction of Artificial Esterases for Substrate‐Selective Hydrolysis. Chemistry 2019; 25:7702-7710. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hu
- Department of ChemistryIowa State University Ames IA 50011-3111 USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of ChemistryIowa State University Ames IA 50011-3111 USA
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4
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Hu L, Zhao Y. Molecularly imprinted artificial esterases with highly specific active sites and precisely installed catalytic groups. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5580-5584. [PMID: 30051894 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01584h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A difficult challenge in synthetic enzymes is the creation of substrate-selective active sites with accurately positioned catalytic groups. Covalent molecular imprinting in cross-linked micelles afforded such active sites in protein-sized, water-soluble nanoparticle catalysts. Our method allowed a systematic tuning of the distance of the catalytic group to the bound substrate. The catalysts displayed enzyme-like kinetics and easily distinguished substrates with subtle structural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA.
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5
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Lee LC, Xing X, Zhao Y. Environmental Engineering of Pd Nanoparticle Catalysts for Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 and Bicarbonate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38436-38444. [PMID: 29028299 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary catalytic properties of enzymes are derived not only from their catalytic groups but also the unique properties of the active site. Tuning the microenvironment of synthetic catalysts is expected to enhance their performance if effective strategies can be developed. Interfacially cross-linked reverse micelles were prepared from three different cross-linkable surfactants. Pd nanoparticles were deposited in the core of the micelle for the catalytic hydrogenation of bicarbonate and CO2. The catalytic performance was found to depend heavily on the nature of the headgroup of the surfactant. Quaternary ammonium-based surfactants through ion exchange could bring bicarbonate to the catalytic center, whereas tertiary amine-based surfactants worked particularly well in CO2 hydrogenation, with turnover numbers an order of magnitude higher than that of commercially available Pd/C. The amines were proposed to bring CO2 to the proximity of the catalysts through reversible formation of carbamate, in the nanospace of the hydrophilic core of the cross-linked reverse micelle. In the bicarbonate reduction, additional improvement of the catalysts was achieved through localized sol-gel synthesis that introduced metal oxide near the catalytic metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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6
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Hu L, Zhao Y. Cross‐Linked Micelles with Enzyme‐Like Active Sites for Biomimetic Hydrolysis of Activated Esters. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hu
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011‐3111 USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011‐3111 USA
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7
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Zhang DW, Wang H, Li ZT. Polymeric Tubular Aromatic Amide Helices. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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8
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Improving reactivity and selectivity of aqueous-based Heck reactions by the local hydrophobicity of phosphine ligands. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Arivalagan PR, Zhao Y. Interfacial catalysis of aldol reactions by prolinamide surfactants in reverse micelles. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:770-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of prolinamide surfactants in nonpolar solvents enhanced their catalytic activity and gave unusual substrate selectivity in aldol condensations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
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10
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Zhang J, Zhang M, Tang K, Verpoort F, Sun T. Polymer-based stimuli-responsive recyclable catalytic systems for organic synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:32-46. [PMID: 23852653 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of stimuli-responsive polymers into the study of organic catalysis leads to the generation of a new kind of polymer-based stimuli-responsive recyclable catalytic system. Owing to their reversible switching properties in response to external stimuli, these systems are capable of improving the mass transports of reactants/products in aqueous solution, modulating the chemical reaction rates, and switching the catalytic process on and off. Furthermore, their stimuli-responsive properties facilitate the separation and recovery of the active catalysts from the reaction mixtures. As a fascinating approach of the controllable catalysis, these stimuli-responsive catalytic systems including thermoresponsive, pH-responsive, chemo-mechano-chemical, ionic strength-responsive, and dual-responsive, are reviewed in terms of their nanoreactors and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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11
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Wu CF, Li ZM, Xu XN, Zhao ZX, Zhao X, Wang RX, Li ZT. Folding-Induced Folding: The Assembly of Aromatic Amide and 1,2,3-Triazole Hybrid Helices. Chemistry 2014; 20:1418-26. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Zhao Y, Cho H, Widanapathirana L, Zhang S. Conformationally controlled oligocholate membrane transporters: learning through water play. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2763-72. [PMID: 23537285 DOI: 10.1021/ar300337f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlled translocation of molecules and ions across lipid membranes is the basis of numerous biological functions. Because synthetic systems can help researchers understand the more complex biological ones, many chemists have developed synthetic mimics of biological transporters. Both systems need to deal with similar fundamental challenges. In addition to providing mechanistic insights into transport mechanisms, synthetic transporters are useful in a number of applications including separation, sensing, drug delivery, and catalysis. In this Account, we present several classes of membrane transporters constructed in our laboratory from a facially amphiphilic building block, cholic acid. Our "molecular baskets" can selectively shuttle glucose across lipid membranes without transporting smaller sodium ions. We have also built oligocholate foldamers that transiently fold into helices with internal hydrophilic binding pockets to transport polar guests. Lastly, we describe amphiphilic macrocycles, which form transmembrane nanopores in lipid bilayers through the strong associative interactions of encapsulated water molecules. In addition to presenting the different transport properties of these oligocholate transporters, we illustrate how fundamental studies of molecular behavior in solution facilitate the creation of new and useful membrane transporters, despite the large difference between the two environments. We highlight the strong conformational effect of transporters. Because the conformation of a molecule often alters its size and shape, and the distribution of functional groups, conformational control can be used rationally to tune the property of a transporter. Finally, we emphasize that, whenever water is the solvent, its unique properties--small size, strong solvation for ionic functionalities, and an extraordinary cohesive energy density (i.e., total intermolecular interactions per unit volume)--tend to become critical factors to be considered. Purposeful exploitation of these solvent properties may be essential to the success of the supramolecular process involved--this is also the reason for the "learning through water play" in the title of this Account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Hongkwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | | | - Shiyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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13
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Zhao Y. Cooperatively enhanced receptors for biomimetic molecular recognition. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3878-85. [PMID: 24151236 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The concept of preorganization suggests that organizing a receptor around its guest during binding is detrimental, because the cost of conformational change is assumed to be paid out of the binding energy. Although this concept has historically guided the synthesis of a great many synthetic hosts, in recent years, chemists have begun to synthesize receptors that resemble proteins in their cooperative conformational changes. Such changes could enhance the host-guest interactions, in particular if the binding of the guest triggers previously unengaged noncovalent interactions within the host. These hosts, referred to as cooperatively enhanced receptors, corroborate with their biological counterparts to support the approach of creating high-affinity receptors through the combined strategies of cooperativity and preorganization. Solvents, often the invisible participants of any solution-based supramolecular process, should be properly considered in the design of synthetic receptors, whether preorganized or cooperatively enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111 (USA), Fax: (+1) 515-294-5845.
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Li X, Zhao Y. Oligocholate foldamer with ‘prefolded’ macrocycles for enhanced folding in solution and surfactant micelles. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Dong Z, Zhu J, Luo Q, Liu J. Understanding enzyme catalysis by means of supramolecular artificial enzymes. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-4871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Widanapathirana L, Zhao Y. Tuning Nanopore Formation of Oligocholate Macrocycles by Carboxylic Acid Dimerization in Lipid Membranes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4610-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400455x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United
States
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17
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Zhang DW, Zhao X, Hou JL, Li ZT. Aromatic Amide Foldamers: Structures, Properties, and Functions. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5271-316. [PMID: 22871167 DOI: 10.1021/cr300116k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan
University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai
200032, China
| | - Jun-Li Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan
University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan
University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Widanapathirana L, Zhao Y. Effects of amphiphile topology on the aggregation of oligocholates in lipid membranes: macrocyclic versus linear amphiphiles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:8165-8173. [PMID: 22563986 DOI: 10.1021/la301090t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A macrocyclic and a linear trimer of a facially amphiphilic cholate building block were labeled with a fluorescent dansyl group. The environmentally sensitive fluorophore enabled the aggregation of the two oligocholates in lipid membranes to be studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. Concentration-dependent emission wavelength and intensity revealed a higher concentration of water for the cyclic compound. Both compounds were shown by the red-edge excitation shift (REES) to be located near the membrane/water interface at low concentrations, but the cyclic trimer was better able to migrate into the hydrophobic core of the membrane than the linear trimer. Fluorescent quenching by a water-soluble (NaI) and a lipid-soluble (TEMPO) quencher indicated that the cyclic trimer penetrated into the hydrophobic region of the membrane more readily than the linear trimer, which preferred to stay close to the membrane surface. The fluorescent data corroborated with the previous leakage assays that suggested the stacking of the macrocyclic cholate trimer into transmembrane nanopores, driven by the strong associative interactions of water molecules inside the macrocycles in a nonpolar environment.
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Widanapathirana L, Zhao Y. Aromatically Functionalized Cyclic Tricholate Macrocycles: Aggregation, Transmembrane Pore Formation, Flexibility, and Cooperativity. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4679-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3004056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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20
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Zhang S, Zhao Y. Flexible oligocholate foldamers as membrane transporters and their guest-dependent transport mechanism. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:260-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06364b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Zhang S, Zhao Y. Effects of Micelle Properties on the Conformation of Oligocholates and Importance of Rigidity of Foldamers. J Org Chem 2011; 77:556-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202156d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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Dong Z, Yongguo Wang, Yin Y, Liu J. Supramolecular enzyme mimics by self-assembly. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Zhang S, Zhao Y. Oligocholate Foldamers as Carriers for Hydrophilic Molecules across Lipid Bilayers. Chemistry 2011; 17:12444-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cho H, Zhao Y. Environmental Effects Dominate the Folding of Oligocholates in Solution, Surfactant Micelles, and Lipid Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9890-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja103694p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111
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Ni BB, Yan Q, Ma Y, Zhao D. Recent advances in arylene ethynylene folding systems: Toward functioning. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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