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Huang L, Huang M, Zhou T. Efficient Strategy for Characterization and Quantification of Polyunsaturated Lipids by Microwave-Assisted MMPP Epoxidation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11189-11197. [PMID: 38965741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Lipids play integral roles in biological processes, with carbon-carbon double bonds (C═C) markedly influencing their structure and function. Precise characterization and quantification of unsaturated lipids are crucial for understanding lipid physiology and discovering disease biomarkers. However, using mass spectrometry for these purposes presents significant challenges. In this study, we developed a microwave-assisted magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate (MMPP) epoxidation reaction, coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to analyze unsaturated lipids. Microwave irradiation expedited the MMPP epoxidation, achieving complete derivatization in 10 min without byproducts. A diagnostic ion pair, displaying a 16 Da mass difference, effectively identified the location of the C═C bond in mass spectra. Microwave irradiation also significantly facilitated the epoxidation reaction of polyunsaturated lipids, achieving yields greater than 85% and yielding a complete epoxidation product. This simplifies chromatographic separation and aids in accurate quantification. Additionally, a purification process was implemented to remove excess derivatization reagents, significantly reducing mass spectrometry response suppression and enhancing analytical reproducibility. The method's effectiveness was validated by analyzing unsaturated lipids in rat plasma from a type I diabetes model. We quantified nine unsaturated lipids and characterized 42 fatty acids and glycerophospholipids. The results indicated that unsaturated fatty acids increased in diabetic plasma while unsaturated glycerophospholipids decreased. Furthermore, the relative abundances of Δ9/Δ11 isomer pairs also exhibited a close association with diabetes. In conclusion, microwave-assisted MMPP epoxidation coupled with LC-MS/MS provides an effective strategy for characterization and quantification of polyunsaturated lipids, offering deeper insight into the physiological impact of unsaturated lipids in related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhui Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Minhan Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Synthesis, In Vitro Biological Evaluation of Antiproliferative and Neuroprotective Effects and In Silico Studies of Novel 16E-Arylidene-5α,6α-epoxyepiandrosterone Derivatives. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030812. [PMID: 36979790 PMCID: PMC10045663 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroids constitute an important class of pharmacologically active molecules, playing key roles in human physiology. Within this group, 16E-arylideneandrostane derivatives have been reported as potent anti-cancer agents for the treatment of leukemia, breast and prostate cancers, and brain tumors. Additionally, 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol is an oxysterol with several biological activities, including regulation of cell proliferation and cholesterol homeostasis. Interestingly, pregnenolone derivatives combining these two modifications were described as potential neuroprotective agents. In this research, novel 16E-arylidene-5α,6α-epoxyepiandrosterone derivatives were synthesized from dehydroepiandrosterone by aldol condensation with different aldehydes followed by a diastereoselective 5α,6α-epoxidation. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated on tumoral and non-tumoral cell lines by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Furthermore, the assessment of the neuroprotective activity of these derivatives was performed in a dopaminergic neuronal cell line (N27), at basal conditions, and in the presence of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Interestingly, some of these steroids had selective cytotoxic effects in tumoral cell lines, with an IC50 of 3.47 µM for the 2,3-dichlorophenyl derivative in the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The effects of this functionalized epoxide on cell proliferation (Ki67 staining), cell necrosis (propidium iodide staining), as well as the analysis of the nuclear area and near neighbor distance in MCF-7 cells, were analyzed. From this set of biological studies, strong evidence of the activation of apoptosis was found. In contrast, no significant neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity was observed for the less cytotoxic steroids in N27 cells. Lastly, molecular docking simulations were achieved to verify the potential affinity of these compounds against important targets of steroidal drugs (androgen receptor, estrogen receptor α, and 5α-reductase type 2, 17α-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase and aromatase enzymes). This in silico study predicted a strong affinity between most novel steroidal derivatives and 5α-reductase and 17α-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase enzymes.
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3
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Li N, Li G, Konrad M, Kressierer C, Betzemeier B, Kosnik SC, Wu L, Pennino S, Lee H, Zhang Y. Large-Scale Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydropyran via Asymmetric Allylation Catalyzed by ( S)-3,3′-Cl 2-BINOL. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Guisheng Li
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Michael Konrad
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Christoph Kressierer
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Bodo Betzemeier
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Stephanie C. Kosnik
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Lifen Wu
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Scott Pennino
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Heewon Lee
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Yongda Zhang
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
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4
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Ali H, El-Ossaily YA, Metwally SA, Althobaiti IO, Altaleb HA, Naffea YA, Tolba MS. Catalytic and Multicomponent Reactions for Green Synthesis of Some Pyrazolone Compounds and Evaluation as Antimicrobial Agents. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29142-29152. [PMID: 36033712 PMCID: PMC9404472 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A green synthetic approach and facile method was developed to produce pyrazole compounds (6a-d) by the reaction of ethyl acetoacetate (1), hydrazines (2a-d), and catalytic imidazole (3) in aqueous media. 4-Dicyanomethylene-2-pyrazoline-5-one derivatives (14a-d) were synthesized through the reaction of 2-pyrazoline-5-one derivatives (6a-d) with tetracyanoethylene (TCE) (7) by using catalytic imidazole (3) in an aqueous medium. Moreover, the 4-dicyanomethylene derivative (16) was obtained via treatment of 1-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (15) with TCE (7). The spiropyrazoleoxirane derivatives (18 and 20) were prepared by treating the precursor 4-dicyanomethylene-2-pyrazoline-5-one derivative (14b) with hydrogen peroxide in various polar solvents under alkaline conditions. The spiropyrazole oxirane derivative (18) was used as a precursor for the design of functionalized pyrazolone derivatives (24 and 27a, b). The chemical structure of the novel designed derivatives was ascertained based on elemental analyses, mp, thin-layer chromatography, and spectral analyses. Furthermore, some of the synthesized derivatives were examined against different pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Their results demonstrated that some of them revealed notable antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazim
M. Ali
- Department
of Chemistry,College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser A. El-Ossaily
- Department
of Chemistry,College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saoud A. Metwally
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim O. Althobaiti
- Department
of Chemistry,College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamud A. Altaleb
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic
University of Madinah, Al-Madinah, Al-Munawwarah 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousra A. Naffea
- Plant
protection research institute, Agricultural research center, Dokki, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S. Tolba
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley
University, El-Kharja 72511, Egypt
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5
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Shibuya Y, Ohmura S, Ito A, Oba M, Koguchi S. Epoxidation of olefins using diaryltellurium dicarboxylates. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6528-6531. [PMID: 35838164 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01020h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports an efficient method for the epoxidation of a variety of functionalized olefins using diaryltellurium dicarboxylates as hypervalent tellurium compounds. This method is able to efficiently convert olefins into epoxides using catalytic amounts of tellurium and urea hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, we propose that this reaction proceeds via the formation of peroxides of phenol, carboxylic acid, and tellurium peroxide when diaryltellurium dicarboxylates and hydrogen peroxide react. This is the first example of an epoxidation reaction using hypervalent tellurium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuga Shibuya
- Department of Chemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292 Japan.
| | - Shiori Ohmura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292 Japan.
| | - Akane Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292 Japan.
| | - Makoto Oba
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292 Japan
| | - Shinichi Koguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292 Japan.
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Gazioglu I, Semen S, Acar OO, Kolak U, Sen A, Topcu G. Triterpenoids and steroids isolated from Anatolian Capparis ovata and their activity on the expression of inflammatory cytokines. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:925-931. [PMID: 32915696 PMCID: PMC7534286 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1814356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Context Capparis L. (Capparaceae) is grown worldwide. Caper has been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases including rheumatism, kidney, liver, stomach, as well as headache and toothache. Objective To isolate and elucidate of the secondary metabolites of the C. ovata extracts which are responsible for their anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and methods Buds, fruits, flowers, leaves and stems of C. ovata Desf. was dried, cut to pieces, then ground separately. From their dichloromethane/hexane (1:1) extracts, eight compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated by NMR, mass spectroscopic techniques. The effects of compounds on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in SH-SY5Y cell lines were examined by qRT-PCR ranging from 4 to 96 µM. Cell viability was expressed as a percentage of the control, untreated cells. Results This is a first report on isolation of triterpenoids and steroids from C. ovata with anti-inflammatory activity. One new triterpenoid ester olean-12-en-3β,28-diol, 3β-pentacosanoate (1) and two new natural steroids 5α,6α-epoxycholestan-3β-ol (5) and 5β,6β-epoxycholestan-3β-ol (6) were elucidated besides known compounds; oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), stigmast-5,22-dien-3β-myristate (7) and bismethyl-octylphthalate (8). mRNA expression levels as EC10 of all the tested seven genes were decreased, particularly CXCL9 (19.36-fold), CXCL10 (8.14-fold), and TNF (18.69) by the treatment of 26 µM of compound 1 on SH-SY5Y cells. Discussion and conclusions Triterpenoids and steroids isolated from C. ovata were found to be moderate-strong anti-inflammatory compounds. Particularly, compounds 1 and 3 were found to be promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Gazioglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevcan Semen
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratories, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Istanbul-Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozden Ozgun Acar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Kolak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alaattin Sen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Life & Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gulacti Topcu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Shostko DY, Liubina AI, Kozyrkov YY, Beliaev SA. The synthesis of 4-chloro-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-norandrosta-4,13-diene-3α-ol - Proposed long term metabolite (M4) of oralturinabol. Steroids 2020; 158:108601. [PMID: 32084502 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
4-Chloro-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-norandrosta-4,13-diene-3α-ol is one of proposed long term metabolites of oralturinabol (anabolic androgenic steroid restricted in sport). The synthesis of 4-chloro-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-norandrosta-4,13-diene-3α-ol was achieved. Isomerisation of configuration of 13-carbon was used for construction of 17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl fragment. The proposed route of synthesis allows to obtain 3β-hydroxy isomer as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yu Shostko
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Lesnoy 31, 223040, Belarus
| | - A I Liubina
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Lesnoy 31, 223040, Belarus
| | - Yu Yu Kozyrkov
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Lesnoy 31, 223040, Belarus.
| | - S A Beliaev
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Lesnoy 31, 223040, Belarus
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8
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El‐Ossaily YA, Metwally SA, Al‐Muailkel NS, Fawzy A, Ali HM, Naffea YA. Green synthetic investigation and spectral characterization of some spiro pyrazolidine‐based heterocycles with potential biological activity. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A. El‐Ossaily
- Chemistry Department, College of ScienceJouf University Sakaka Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAssiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Saoud A. Metwally
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAssiut University Assiut Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Fawzy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAssiut University Assiut Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied SciencesUmm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazim M. Ali
- Chemistry Department, College of ScienceJouf University Sakaka Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousra A. Naffea
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAssiut University Assiut Egypt
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9
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Smaligo AJ, Wu J, Burton NR, Hacker AS, Shaikh AC, Quintana JC, Wang R, Xie C, Kwon O. Oxodealkenylative Cleavage of Alkene C(sp
3
)−C(sp
2
) Bonds: A Practical Method for Introducing Carbonyls into Chiral Pool Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Smaligo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Nikolas R. Burton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Allison S. Hacker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Aslam C. Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Jason C. Quintana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Changmin Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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10
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Smaligo AJ, Wu J, Burton NR, Hacker AS, Shaikh AC, Quintana JC, Wang R, Xie C, Kwon O. Oxodealkenylative Cleavage of Alkene C(sp 3 )-C(sp 2 ) Bonds: A Practical Method for Introducing Carbonyls into Chiral Pool Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1211-1215. [PMID: 31692203 PMCID: PMC6942233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reported herein is a one-pot protocol for the oxodealkenylative introduction of carbonyl functionalities into terpenes and terpene-derived compounds. This transformation proceeds by Criegee ozonolysis of an alkene, reductive cleavage of the resulting α-alkoxy hydroperoxide, trapping of the generated alkyl radical with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl (TEMPO), and subsequent oxidative fragmentation with MMPP. Using readily available starting materials from chiral pool, a variety of carbonyl-containing products have been accessed rapidly in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smaligo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Nikolas R Burton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Allison S Hacker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jason C Quintana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Changmin Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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11
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Li T, Chen Y, Li C. Androsterone-based gels enable diastereospecific reductions and diastereoselective epoxidations of gelators. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:6791-6800. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01505h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative, diastereospecific and conventionally unachievable reduction of the carbonyl group was achieved in the gels of seven gelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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12
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Sheremet M, Kapoor S, Schröder P, Kumar K, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. Small Molecules Inspired by the Natural Product Withanolides as Potent Inhibitors of Wnt Signaling. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1797-1806. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sheremet
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Present address: Department of Chemistry; University of California, Berkeley; Latimer Hall Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Present address; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra India
| | - Peter Schröder
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Present address: Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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13
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Kiebist J, Schmidtke K, Zimmermann J, Kellner H, Jehmlich N, Ullrich R, Zänder D, Hofrichter M, Scheibner K. A Peroxygenase from Chaetomium globosum Catalyzes the Selective Oxygenation of Testosterone. Chembiochem 2017; 18:563-569. [PMID: 28103392 PMCID: PMC5363369 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPO, EC 1.11.2.1) secreted by fungi open an efficient way to selectively oxyfunctionalize diverse organic substrates, including less-activated hydrocarbons, by transferring peroxide-borne oxygen. We investigated a cell-free approach to incorporate epoxy and hydroxyl functionalities directly into the bulky molecule testosterone by a novel unspecific peroxygenase (UPO) that is produced by the ascomycetous fungus Chaetomium globosum in a complex medium rich in carbon and nitrogen. Purification by fast protein liquid chromatography revealed two enzyme fractions with the same molecular mass (36 kDa) and with specific activity of 4.4 to 12 U mg-1 . Although the well-known UPOs of Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO) and Marasmius rotula (MroUPO) failed to convert testosterone in a comparative study, the UPO of C. globosum (CglUPO) accepted testosterone as substrate and converted it with total turnover number (TTN) of up to 7000 into two oxygenated products: the 4,5-epoxide of testosterone in β-configuration and 16α-hydroxytestosterone. The reaction performed on a 100 mg scale resulted in the formation of about 90 % of the epoxide and 10 % of the hydroxylation product, both of which could be isolated with purities above 96 %. Thus, CglUPO is a promising biocatalyst for the oxyfunctionalization of bulky steroids and it will be a useful tool for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant steroidal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kiebist
- Faculty of Environment and Natural SciencesBrandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-SenftenbergUniversitätsplatz 101968SenftenbergGermany
| | - Kai‐Uwe Schmidtke
- Faculty of Environment and Natural SciencesBrandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-SenftenbergUniversitätsplatz 101968SenftenbergGermany
| | - Jörg Zimmermann
- Faculty of Environment and Natural SciencesBrandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-SenftenbergUniversitätsplatz 101968SenftenbergGermany
| | - Harald Kellner
- Department of Bio- and Environmental SciencesTU DresdenInternational Institute ZittauMarkt 2302763ZittauGermany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems BiologyHelmholtz-Centre for Environmental ResearchUFZPermoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - René Ullrich
- Department of Bio- and Environmental SciencesTU DresdenInternational Institute ZittauMarkt 2302763ZittauGermany
| | | | - Martin Hofrichter
- Department of Bio- and Environmental SciencesTU DresdenInternational Institute ZittauMarkt 2302763ZittauGermany
| | - Katrin Scheibner
- Faculty of Environment and Natural SciencesBrandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-SenftenbergUniversitätsplatz 101968SenftenbergGermany
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14
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Kasal A, Buděšínský M, Mareš P, Krištofíková Z, Leitão AJ, Sá e Melo ML, Silva MMC. Neurosteroids: Can a 2alpha,3alpha-epoxy ring make up for the 3alpha-hydroxyl group? Steroids 2016; 105:12-8. [PMID: 26631551 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven steroid epoxides were prepared from 5α-pregn-2-en-20-one and 5α-pregn-3-en-20-one and their side-chain derivatives. All compounds were tested in vitro for binding to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor, some of them also in vivo for anticonvulsant action. 2α,3α-Epoxy-5α-pregnan-20-one inhibited the TBPS binding to the GABAA receptor and showed a moderate anticonvulsant action in immature rats. In contrast, its 3α,4α-isomer was inactive. More polar epoxide derivatives, modified at the side chain were less active or inactive. Noteworthy, diol 20, the product of trans-diaxial opening of the 2α,3α-epoxide 4, was not able to inhibit the TBPS binding, showing that the activity of the epoxide is due to the compound itself and not to its hydrolytic product. The 3α-hydroxyl group is known to be essential for the GABAA receptor binding. Despite the shortness of in vivo effects which are probably due to metabolic inactivation of the products prepared, our results show that the 2α,3α-epoxy ring is another structural pattern with ability to bind the GABAAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kasal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague CZ16610, Czech Republic.
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague CZ16610, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mareš
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, CZ14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Krištofíková
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany CZ25067, Czech Republic
| | - Alcino J Leitão
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-508 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Luisa Sá e Melo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-508 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuel C Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-508 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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Kawamoto H, Ohmori Y, Maekawa M, Shimada M, Mano N, Iida T. An efficient synthesis of 4α- and 4β-hydroxy- 7-dehydrocholesterol, biomarkers for patients with and animal models of the Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 175-176:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Fan NJ, Bai YB, Zhang FY, Luo B, Tang JJ, Zhang QZ, Gao JM. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of some novel 21E-benzylidene steroidal derivatives. Steroids 2013; 78:874-9. [PMID: 23665407 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel derivatives of 21E-benzylidene-pregn-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 7a-g and 21E-benzylidene-4-chloro-pregn-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 8a-g was synthesized from the commercially available progesterone. These title compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp (Artemia salina) and murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLC). It was found that compounds 7a-g exhibited stronger activities than 8a-g against the brine shrimps, and some of the tested compounds possessed weak inhibition of LLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Juan Fan
- Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bio-Resource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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17
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Levina IS, Kulikova LE, Kachala VV, Khemchyan LL. Reaction of 5β,6β-epoxy-16α,17α-cyclohexapregnane with methylmagnesium iodide. Russ Chem Bull 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-013-0295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Carvalho JFS, Louvel J, Doornbos MLJ, Klaasse E, Yu Z, Brussee J, IJzerman AP. Strategies to reduce HERG K+ channel blockade. Exploring heteroaromaticity and rigidity in novel pyridine analogues of dofetilide. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2828-40. [PMID: 23473309 DOI: 10.1021/jm301564f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced blockade of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene K(+) channel (hERG) represents one of the major antitarget concerns in pharmaceutical industry. SAR studies of this ion channel have shed light on the structural requirements for hERG interaction but most importantly may reveal drug design principles to reduce hERG affinity. In the present study, a novel library of neutral and positively charged heteroaromatic derivatives of the class III antiarrhythmic agent dofetilide was synthesized and assessed for hERG affinity in radioligand binding and manual patch clamp assays. Structural modifications of the pyridine moiety, side chain, and peripheral aromatic moieties were evaluated, thereby revealing approaches for reducing hERG binding affinity. In particular, we found that the extra rigidity imposed close to the positively charged pyridine moiety can be very efficient in decreasing hERG affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F S Carvalho
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Jiang CS, Guo XJ, Gong JX, Zhu TT, Zhang HY, Guo YW. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 21-arylidenepregnenolone derivatives as neuroprotective agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2226-9. [PMID: 22357341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of 21-arylidenepregnenolone derivatives and their corresponding epoxides were synthesized. The neuroprotective effects of these steroidal compounds against amyloid-β(25-35) (Aβ(25-35))- and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells were evaluated. The bioassay results indicated that several 3β-pregn-21-benzylidene-20-one derivatives displayed potent in vitro neuroprotective effects in different screening models, for example, compounds 2b, 3a, 3b, and 3s showing significant activities against Aβ(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, 2b showing significant activities against H(2)O(2)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and 2g, 3b, and 3e showing potent protection against OGD insult. The results suggested that introduction of an arylidene group into steroidal nucleus played an important role in neuroprotective activity, while the formation of epoxy group at C-5,6 could be also important for the neuroprotective activity in some degree. The pharmacological data reported here are helpful for the design of novel steroidal neuroprotective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, PR China
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20
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Salvador JAR, Moreira VM, Pinto RMA, Leal AS, Paixão JA. Efficient oxidation of oleanolic acid derivatives using magnesium bis(monoperoxyphthalate) hexahydrate (MMPP): A convenient 2-step procedure towards 12-oxo-28-carboxylic acid derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:164-9. [PMID: 22423283 PMCID: PMC3302076 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A new, straightforward and high yielding procedure to convert oleanolic acid derivatives into the corresponding δ-hydroxy-γ-lactones, by using the convenient oxidizing agent magnesium bis(monoperoxyphthalate) hexahydrate (MMPP) in refluxing acetonitrile, is reported. In addition, a two-step procedure for the preparation of oleanolic 12-oxo-28-carboxylic acid derivatives directly from Δ(12)-oleananes, without the need for an intermediary work-up, and keeping the same reaction solvent in both steps, is described as applied to the synthesis of 3,12-dioxoolean-28-oic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Grupo de Química Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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21
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Andrade LCR, Paixão JA, de Almeida MJM, Carvalho JFS, Cruz Silva MM. 5α,6α-Ep-oxy-7-norcholestan-3β-yl acetate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o237. [PMID: 22259518 PMCID: PMC3254568 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811054249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The title cholestan, C(28)H(46)O(3), was prepared by epoxidation of 7-norcholest-5-en-3β-yl acetate and crystallized by slow evaporation from an ethano-lic solution. All rings are trans fused. The 3β-acetate and the 17β-cholestane side chain are in equatorial positions. The mol-ecule is highly twisted due to its B-nor characteristic. A quantum chemical ab-initio Roothaan Hartree-Fock calculation of the equilibrium geometry of the isolated mol-ecule gives values for bond lengths and valency angles in close agreement with the experimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. C. R. Andrade
- CEMDRX, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J. A. Paixão
- CEMDRX, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. J. M. de Almeida
- CEMDRX, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J. F. S. Carvalho
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. M. Cruz Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P-3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Carvalho JFS, Silva MMC, Moreira JN, Simões S, Sá e Melo ML. Selective Cytotoxicity of Oxysterols through Structural Modulation on Rings A and B. Synthesis, in Vitro Evaluation, and SAR. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6375-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200803d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João F. S. Carvalho
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Manuel Cruz Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João N. Moreira
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luisa Sá e Melo
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Salvador JAR, Silvestre SM, Pinto RMA. Bismuth(III) reagents in steroid and terpene chemistry. Molecules 2011; 16:2884-913. [PMID: 21464798 PMCID: PMC6260628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16042884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid and terpene chemistry still have a great impact on medicinal chemistry. Therefore, the development of new reactions or “greener” processes in this field is a contemporaneous issue. In this review, the use of bismuth(III) salts, as “ecofriendly” reagents/catalysts, on new chemical processes involving steroids and terpenes as substrates will be focused. Special attention will be given to some mechanistic considerations concerning selected reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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24
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Carvalho JFS, Silva MMC, Moreira JN, Simões S, Sá e Melo ML. Sterols as Anticancer Agents: Synthesis of Ring-B Oxygenated Steroids, Cytotoxic Profile, and Comprehensive SAR Analysis. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7632-8. [PMID: 20931970 DOI: 10.1021/jm1007769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João F. S. Carvalho
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Manuel Cruz Silva
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João N. Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luisa Sá e Melo
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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25
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26
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Abstract
Aspects of the stereochemistry of addition reactions to B-norsteroidal 4- and 5-alkenes are compared to the corresponding reactions in normal 6:6 A/B series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavit Uyanik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kocaeli, Umuttepe, Izmit 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - James R. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
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27
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Carvalho JFS, Cruz Silva MM, Moreira JN, Simões S, Sá e Melo ML. Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis, Cytotoxic Evaluation, and SAR of Epoxysterols. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4007-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9003973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João F. S. Carvalho
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório Quíımica Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Center for Neurosciense and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Manuel Cruz Silva
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório Quíımica Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Center for Neurosciense and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João N. Moreira
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório Quíımica Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Center for Neurosciense and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório Quíımica Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Center for Neurosciense and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luisa Sá e Melo
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório Quíımica Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Center for Neurosciense and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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