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SnAr Reactions of 2,4-Diazidopyrido[3,2- d]pyrimidine and Azide-Tetrazole Equilibrium Studies of the Obtained 5-Substituted Tetrazolo[1,5- a]pyrido[2,3- e]pyrimidines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227675. [PMID: 36431776 PMCID: PMC9698326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A straightforward method for the synthesis of 5-substituted tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrido[2,3-e]pyrimidines from 2,4-diazidopyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine in SnAr reactions with N-, O-, and S- nucleophiles has been developed. The various N- and S-substituted products were obtained with yields from 47% to 98%, but the substitution with O-nucleophiles gave lower yields (20-32%). Furthermore, the fused tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives can be regarded as 2-azidopyrimidines and functionalized in copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) and Staudinger reactions due to the presence of a sufficient concentration of the reactive azide tautomer in solution. In total, seven products were fully characterized by their single crystal X-ray studies, while five of them were representatives of the tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrido[2,3-e]pyrimidine heterocyclic system. Equilibrium constants and thermodynamic values were determined using variable temperature 1H NMR and are in agreement of favoring the tetrazole tautomeric form (ΔG298 = -3.33 to -7.52 (kJ/mol), ΔH = -19.92 to -48.02 (kJ/mol) and ΔS = -43.74 to -143.27 (J/mol·K)). The key starting material 2,4-diazidopyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine presents a high degree of tautomerization in different solvents.
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Deev SL, Shestakova TS, Shenkarev ZO, Paramonov AS, Khalymbadzha IA, Eltsov OS, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON. 15N Chemical Shifts and JNN-Couplings as Diagnostic Tools for Determination of the Azide-Tetrazole Equilibrium in Tetrazoloazines. J Org Chem 2021; 87:211-222. [PMID: 34941254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Selectively 15N-labeled tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazines and tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines bearing one, two, or three 15N labels were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were studied by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopy in DMSO and TFA solutions, where the azide-tetrazole equilibrium can lead to the formation of two tetrazole (T, T') isomers and one azide (A) isomer for each compound. Incorporation of the 15N-label(s) leads to the appearance of 15N-15N coupling constants (JNN), which can be easily measured via simple 1D 15N NMR spectra, even at natural abundance between labeled and unlabeled 15N atoms. The chemical shifts for the 15N nuclei in the azole moiety are very sensitive to the ring opening and azide formation, thus providing information about the azido-tetrazole equilibrium. At the same time, the 1-2JNN couplings between 15N-labeled atoms in the azole and azine fragments unambiguously determine the fusion type between tetrazole and azine rings in the cyclic isomers T and T'. Thus, combined analysis of 15N chemical shifts and JNN values in selectively isotope-enriched compounds provides an effective diagnostic tool for direct structural determination of tetrazole isomers and azide form in solution. This method was found to be the most simple and efficient way to study the azido-tetrazole equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey L Deev
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana S Shestakova
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Zakhar O Shenkarev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Paramonov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A Khalymbadzha
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Oleg S Eltsov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery N Charushin
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia.,I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 Sofya Kovalevskaya Street, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Oleg N Chupakhin
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia.,I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 Sofya Kovalevskaya Street, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Sathishkumar S, Gayathri K. Synthesis of Tetrazole Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042802103012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Comparative Theoretical Studies on a Series of Novel Energetic Salts Composed of 4,8-Dihydrodifurazano[3,4-b,e]pyrazine-based Anions and Ammonium-based Cations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183213. [PMID: 31487829 PMCID: PMC6774342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
4,8-Dihydrodifurazano[3,4-b,e]pyrazine (DFP) is one kind of parent compound for the synthesis of various promising difurazanopyrazine derivatives. In this paper, eleven series of energetic salts composed of 4,8-dihydrodifurazano[3,4-b,e]pyrazine-based anions and ammonium-based cations were designed. Their densities, heats of formation, energetic properties, impact sensitivity, and thermodynamics of formation were studied and compared based on density functional theory and volume-based thermodynamics method. Results show that ammonium and hydroxylammonium salts exhibit higher densities and more excellent detonation performance than guanidinium and triaminoguanidinium salts. Therein, the substitution with electron-withdrawing groups (–NO2, –CH2NF2, –CH2ONO2, –C(NO2)3, –CH2N3) contributes to enhancing the densities, heats of formation, and detonation properties of the title salts, and the substitution of –C(NO2)3 features the best performance. Incorporating N–O oxidation bond to difurazano[3,4-b,e]pyrazine anion gives a rise to the detonation performance of the title salts, while increasing their impact sensitivity meanwhile. Importantly, triaminoguanidinium 4,8-dihydrodifurazano[3,4-b,e]pyrazine (J4) has been successfully synthesized. The experimentally determined density and H50 value of J4 are 1.602 g/cm3 and higher than 112 cm, which are consistent with theoretical values, supporting the reliability of calculation methods. J4 proves to be a thermally stable and energetic explosive with decomposition peak temperature of 216.7 °C, detonation velocity 7732 m/s, and detonation pressure 25.42 GPa, respectively. These results confirm that the derivative work in furazanopyrazine compounds is an effective strategy to design and screen out potential candidates for high-performance energetic salts.
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Pagoria P, Zhang M, Zuckerman N, Lee G, Mitchell A, DeHope A, Gash A, Coon C, Gallagher P. Synthetic Studies of 2,6‐Diamino‐3,5‐Dinitropyrazine‐ 1‐Oxide (LLM‐105) from Discovery to Multi‐Kilogram Scale. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Pagoria
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Mao‐Xi Zhang
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Nathaniel Zuckerman
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Gregory Lee
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alexander Mitchell
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alan DeHope
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alexander Gash
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Clifford Coon
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Patrick Gallagher
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
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Leduskrasts K. Routes to labeled tetrazoles (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-016-1924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Um IH, Kim MY, Kang TA, Dust JM. Kinetic Study on SNAr Reaction of 1-(Y-Substituted-phenoxy)-2,4-dinitrobenzenes with Cyclic Secondary Amines in Acetonitrile: Evidence for Cyclic Transition-State Structure. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7025-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5011872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tae-Ah Kang
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano Science and Department
of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Julian M. Dust
- Departments
of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Grenfell Campus-Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland
and Labrador A2H 6P9, Canada
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Kommu N, Ghule VD, Kumar AS, Sahoo AK. Triazole-Substituted Nitroarene Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Studies. Chem Asian J 2013; 9:166-78. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shaabani A, Maleki A, Hajishaabanha F, Mofakham H, Seyyedhamzeh M, Mahyari M, Ng SW. Novel Syntheses of Tetrahydrobenzodiazepines and Dihydropyrazines via Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions of Diamines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 12:186-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cc900125a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shaabani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ali Maleki
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatemeh Hajishaabanha
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamid Mofakham
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mozhdeh Seyyedhamzeh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mojtaba Mahyari
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seik Weng Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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