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Lee H, Lee D. Assembling Molecular Clips To Build π-Stacks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302523. [PMID: 37658276 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Nature utilizes an intimate stacking of aromatic motifs to construct functional structures, as demonstrated in protein folding and polynucleotide assembly. However, organized π-stacks of artificial molecules are difficult to build, primarily due to the weak, non-directional, and context-sensitive nature of van der Waals forces. To overcome these challenges, chemists have invented ingenious architectural designs to construct π-stacked supramolecular assemblies using clip-like molecules. This Concept article focuses on molecular clips that enable precise spatial control over assembly patterns, beyond the scope of simple host-guest chemistry. Different design strategies are analyzed and compared that leverage non-covalent interactions to create multi-layer π-stacks. Particular emphasis is placed on the choice of spine units as they play a crucial role in controlling the (i) spacing, (ii) orientation, and (iii) conformational pre-organization of linked aromatics to achieve long-range spatial ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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Chou TC, Cheng JF, Gholap AR, Huang JJK, Chen JC, Huang JK, Tseng JC. Aromatization-driven Grob-fragmentation approach toward polyazaacenes. Synthesis and amination of multi-functionalized diazapentacenes. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Murphy RB, Norman RE, White JM, Perkins MV, Johnston MR. Tetra-porphyrin molecular tweezers: two binding sites linked via a polycyclic scaffold and rotating phenyl diimide core. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8707-8720. [PMID: 27722492 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01588c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a tetra-porphyrin molecular tweezer with two binding sites is described. The bis-porphyrin binding sites are aligned by a polycyclic scaffold and linked via a freely rotating phenyl diimide core. Synthesis was achieved using a divergent approach employing a novel coupling method for linking two polycyclic units to construct the core, with a copper(ii)-mediated phenyl boronic acid coupling found to extend to our polycyclic imide derivative. We expect this chemistry to be a powerful tool in accessing functional polycyclic supramolecular architectures in applications where north/south reactivity and/or directional interactions between modules are important. Porphyrin receptor functionalisation was undertaken last, by a four-fold ACE coupling reaction on the tetra-epoxide derivative of the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Murphy
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - R E Norman
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - J M White
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M V Perkins
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - M R Johnston
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia.
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Synthesis and molecular assembly of benzenoid ring-mounted U-shaped septuple-bridged [7,7]orthocyclophanes walled by cofacial quinoxaline rings. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Quinoxaline-walled π-stacking molecules: synthesis, conformation, and luminescence properties. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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DeBlase CR, Finke RT, Porras JA, Tanski JM, Nadeau JM. C-shaped diastereomers containing cofacial thiophene-substituted quinoxaline rings: synthesis, photophysical properties, and X-ray crystallography. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4312-21. [PMID: 24773090 DOI: 10.1021/jo500053m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of two diastereomeric C-shaped molecules containing cofacial thiophene-substituted quinoxaline rings are described. A previously known bis-α-diketone was condensed with an excess of 4-bromo-1,2-diaminobenzene in the presence of zinc acetate to give a mixture of two C-shaped diastereomers with cofacial bromine-substituted quinoxaline rings. After chromatographic separation, thiophene rings were installed by a microwave-assisted Suzuki coupling reaction, resulting in highly emissive diastereomeric compounds that were studied by UV-vis, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray crystallography. The unique symmetry of each diastereomer was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. NMR data indicated that the syn isomer has restricted rotation about the bond connecting the thiophene and quinoxaline rings, which was also observed in the solid state. The spectroscopic properties of the C-shaped diastereomers were compared to a model compound containing only a single thiophene-substituted quinoxaline ring. Ground state intramolecular π-π interactions in solution were detected by NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. Red-shifted emission bands, band broadening, and large Stokes shifts were observed, which collectively suggest excited state π-π interactions that produce excimer-like emissions, as well as a remarkable positive emission solvatochromism, indicating charge-transfer character in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R DeBlase
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Marist College , 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States
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Chirality of the molecular assembly determined by intra-/inter-N–H⋯O hydrogen bonding in doubly substituted N-octanoylglyoxylic amides. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chou TC, Liao KC, Hwa CL, Tseng JC. Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene-Based Molecular Tweezers and Cyclophanes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chou TC, Lin KC, Kon-no M, Lee CC, Shinmyozu T. Quinoxaline-Embedded Polyacenoquinone Esters: Synthesis, Electronic Properties, and Crystal Structure. Org Lett 2011; 13:4588-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2017774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teh-Chang Chou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kuen-Cheng Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Masaru Kon-no
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Chih-Ching Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Teruo Shinmyozu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Nazemi A, Amos RC, Bonduelle CV, Gillies ER. Dendritic surface functionalization of biodegradable polymer assemblies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chou TC, Liao KC. Quinoxaline-annelated Z-shaped quadruple-bridged orthocyclophanes: synthesis and crystal structures. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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