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Sanders JN, Jun H, Yu RA, Gleason JL, Houk KN. Mechanism of an Organocatalytic Cope Rearrangement Involving Iminium Intermediates: Elucidating the Role of Catalyst Ring Size. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16877-16886. [PMID: 32865415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the organocatalytic Cope rearrangement is elucidated through a combined computational and experimental approach. As reported previously, hydrazides catalyze the Cope rearrangement of 1,5-hexadiene-2-carboxaldehydes via iminium ion formation, and seven- and eight-membered ring catalysts are more active than smaller ring sizes. In the present work, quantum mechanical computations and kinetic isotope effect experiments demonstrate that the Cope rearrangement step, rather than iminium formation, is rate-limiting. The computations further explain how the hydrazide catalyst lowers the free-energy barrier of the Cope rearrangement via an associative transition state that is stabilized by enehydrazine character. The computations also explain the catalyst ring size effect, as larger hydrazide rings are able to accommodate optimal transition-state geometries that minimize the unfavorable lone-pair repulsion between neighboring nitrogen atoms and maximize the favorable hyperconjugative donation from each nitrogen atom into neighboring electron-poor sigma bonds, with the seven-membered catalyst achieving a nearly ideal transition-state geometry that is comparable to that of an unconstrained acyclic catalyst. Experimental kinetics studies support the computations, showing that the seven-membered and acyclic hydrazide catalysts react 10 times faster than the six-membered catalyst. Unraveling the mechanism of this reaction is an important step in understanding other reactions catalyzed by hydrazides, and explaining the ring size effect is critical because cyclic catalysts provide a constrained scaffold, enabling the development of asymmetric variants of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - HyunJune Jun
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Roland A Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - James L Gleason
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Häggman NO, Zank B, Jun H, Kaldre D, Gleason JL. Diazepane Carboxylates as Organocatalysts in the Diels-Alder Reaction of α-Substituted Enals. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas O. Häggman
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - Benjamin Zank
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - HyunJune Jun
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - Dainis Kaldre
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - James L. Gleason
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
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3
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Qian R, Kalina T, Horak J, Giberti S, Forlani G, Hammerschmidt F. Preparation of Phosphonic Acid Analogues of Proline and Proline Analogues and Their Biological Evaluation as δ 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate Reductase Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4441-4452. [PMID: 31458671 PMCID: PMC6641291 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Racemic 1-hydroxy-3-butenyl-, 3-chloro-1-hydroxypropyl-, and 3-bromo-1-hydroxypropylphosphonate and the corresponding (S)-enantiomers obtained by lipase-catalyzed resolution of the respective racemic chloroacetates were subjected to functional group manipulations. These comprised ozonolysis, Mitsunobu reactions with hydrazoic acid and N-hydroxyphthalimide, alkylation of hydrazine derivative, removal of phthaloyl group followed by intramolecular substitution, and global deprotection to deliver the racemates and (R)-enantiomers (ee 92-99% by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography) of pyrrolidin-2-yl-, oxazolidin-3-yl-, oxazolidin-5-yl-, pyrazolidin-3-yl-, and 1,2-oxazinan-3-ylphosphonic acids. These phosphonic acids were evaluated as analogues of proline and proline analogues for the ability to inhibit γ-glutamyl kinase, δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, and δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Only the latter enzyme was inhibited by two of them at concentrations exceeding 1 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhe Qian
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Kalina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgensstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuele Giberti
- Department
of Life Science and Biotechnology, University
of Ferrara, via L. Borsari
46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Department
of Life Science and Biotechnology, University
of Ferrara, via L. Borsari
46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Friedrich Hammerschmidt
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- E-mail: (F.H.)
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4
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Herbicidal aryldiones incorporating a 5-methoxy-[1,2,5]triazepane ring. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:339-343. [PMID: 29317169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel 2-aryl-cyclic-1,3-diones containing a 5-methoxy-[1,2,5]triazepane unit were explored towards an effective and wheat safe control of grass weeds. Their preparation builds on the ease of synthetic access to 7-membered heterocyclic [1,2,5]triazepane building blocks. Substitution and pattern hopping in the phenyl moiety revealed structure-activity relationships in good agreement with previously disclosed observations amongst the pinoxaden family of acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors. In light of basic physicochemical, enzyme inhibitory and binding site properties, the N-methoxy functionality effectively acts as a bioisostere of the ether group in the seven-membered hydrazine ring.
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5
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Larnaud F, Sulpizi A, Häggman NO, Hughes JME, Dewez DF, Gleason JL. Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Indoles to α-Substituted Enals by Using a Diazepane Carboxylate Catalyst. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Larnaud
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - Adamo Sulpizi
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - Nicklas O. Häggman
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - Jonathan M. E. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - Damien F. Dewez
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
| | - James L. Gleason
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. H3A 0B8 Montreal QC Canada
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6
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Berthet M, Cheviet T, Dujardin G, Parrot I, Martinez J. Isoxazolidine: A Privileged Scaffold for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:15235-15283. [PMID: 27981833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The isoxazolidine ring represents one of the privileged structures in medicinal chemistry, and there have been an increasing number of studies on isoxazolidine and isoxazolidine-containing compounds. Optimization of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC), original methods including electrophilic or palladium-mediated cyclization of unsaturated hydroxylamine, has been developed to obtain isoxazolidines. Novel reactions involving the isoxazolidine ring have been highlighted to accomplish total synthesis or to obtain bioactive compounds, one of the most significant examples being probably the thermic ring contraction applied to the total synthesis of (±)-Gelsemoxonine. The unique isoxazolidine scaffold also exhibits an impressive potential as a mimic of nucleosides, carbohydrates, PNA, amino acids, and steroid analogs. This review aims to be a comprehensive and general summary of the different isoxazolidine syntheses, their use as starting building blocks for the preparation of natural compounds, and their main biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathéo Berthet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas Cheviet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gilles Dujardin
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , IMMM UMR 6283 CNRS, Université du Maine, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Isabelle Parrot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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7
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Die erste organokatalytische Cope-Umlagerung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Gebauer K, Schneider C. The First Organocatalytic Cope Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14208-14209. [PMID: 27717104 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting the concept of iminium ion catalysis led to the discovery of the first organocatalytic Cope rearrangement of 1,5-hexadiene-2-carboxaldehydes. A diazepane catalyst exhibited optimal catalytic efficiency and offers possibilities for chiral modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Gebauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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9
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Kaldre D, Gleason JL. An Organocatalytic Cope Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11557-61. [PMID: 27529777 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The first example of an organocatalytic Cope rearrangement is reported. Acyclic and cyclic acyl hydrazides catalyze the rearrangement of 1,5-hexadiene-2-carboxaldehydes via iminium ion formation. A correlation between ring size and catalyst activity was observed for the cyclic hydrazides, with seven- and eight-membered-ring catalysts being the most active. Diazepane carboxylate 5 c (10 mol %) catalyzed the rearrangement of a range of dienes at room temperature in acetonitrile using triflic acid as a co-catalyst. Preliminary proof of principle for asymmetric catalysis was provided by rearrangement of 3,3-dimethyl-7-phenyl-1,5-heptadiene-2-carboxaldehyde in the presence of a novel 7-substituted diazepane carboxylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dainis Kaldre
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - James L Gleason
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Dainis Kaldre
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - James L. Gleason
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke W. Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
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11
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Vertesaljai P, Lebedyeva IO, Oliferenko AA, Qi X, Fu J, Ostrov DA, Asiri AM, Dennis Hall C, Katritzky A. Mimicking a proline tripeptide with pyrazolidines and a cyclopentane linker. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Brazier JB, Gibbs TJK, Rowley JH, Samulis L, Yau SC, Kennedy AR, Platts JA, Tomkinson NCO. Improving catalyst activity in secondary amine catalysed transformations. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:133-41. [PMID: 25347784 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01916d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect on catalyst performance of altering substituents at the 2-position of the Macmillan imidazolidinone has been examined. Condensation of L-phenylalanine N-methyl amide with acetophenone derivatives results in a series of imidazolidinones whose salts can be used to accelerate the Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Electron withdrawing groups significantly increase the overall rate of cycloaddition without compromise in selectivity. The most effective catalyst was shown to be efficient for a variety of substrates and the applicability of this catalyst to alternative secondary amine catalysed transformations is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Brazier
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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13
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Pair E, Berini C, Noël R, Sanselme M, Levacher V, Brière JF. Organocatalysed multicomponent synthesis of pyrazolidinones: Meldrum's acid approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10218-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04852k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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15
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Aasheim JH, Fliegl H, Uggerud E, Bonge-Hansen T, Eisenstein O. Stereoselectivity through a network of non-classical CH weak interactions: a prospective study of a bicyclic organocatalytic scaffold. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01460j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The preferred stereoisomeric product of this catalytic Diels–Alder reaction is in part determined by noncovalent CH⋯π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Blindern, Norway
| | - Einar Uggerud
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Blindern, Norway
| | | | - Odile Eisenstein
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Blindern, Norway
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
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16
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Grošelj U, Golobič A, Svete J, Stanovnik B. Synthesis and Transformations of Novel L
-Phenylalanine Derived Pyrazolidin-3-ones. Chirality 2013; 25:541-55. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Grošelj
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Aškerčeva cesta 5, P.O. Box 537 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Amalija Golobič
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Aškerčeva cesta 5, P.O. Box 537 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Jurij Svete
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Aškerčeva cesta 5, P.O. Box 537 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence; Dunajska 156 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Branko Stanovnik
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Aškerčeva cesta 5, P.O. Box 537 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence; Dunajska 156 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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17
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Bieliauskas A, Martynaitis V, Getautis V, Malinauskas T, Jankauskas V, Kamarauskas E, Holzer W, Šačkus A. Synthesis of electroactive hydrazones derived from 3-(10-alkyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-2-propenals and their corresponding 3,3′-bispropenals. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Brazier JB, Hopkins GP, Jirari M, Mutter S, Pommereuil R, Samulis L, Platts JA, Tomkinson NC. Iminium ion catalysis: direct comparison of imidazolidinone and diarylprolinol ether reactivity. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Suzuki I, Ando M, Shimabara R, Hirata A, Takeda K. A novel hydrazide type organocatalyst for enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3033-40. [PMID: 21387068 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of a new class of hydrazide type organocatalyst, (4R,5R)-1,3-bis(isopropylamino)-4,5-dihenylimidazolidin-2-one 2a, for enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are presented. The new organocatalyst 2a promoted the reaction, affording Diels-Alder adducts in good yields with good levels of enantioselectivity.
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21
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Brazier JB, Jones KM, Platts JA, Tomkinson NCO. On the Roles of Protic Solvents in Imidazolidinone-Catalyzed Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Brazier JB, Jones KM, Platts JA, Tomkinson NCO. On the Roles of Protic Solvents in Imidazolidinone-Catalyzed Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1613-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Gould E, Lebl T, Slawin AM, Reid M, Smith AD. Structural effects in pyrazolidinone-mediated organocatalytic Diels–Alder reactions. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Li Q, Wong WY, Chan WH, Lee AWM. Second Generation CaSH (Camphor Sulfonyl Hydrazine) Organocatalysis. Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions and Isolation of the Catalytic Intermediate. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Jakob F, Herdtweck E, Bach T. Synthesis and Properties of Chiral Pyrazolidines Derived from (+)-Pulegone. Chemistry 2010; 16:7537-46. [PMID: 20496356 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jakob
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie 1, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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