InCl3–CH3CN–H2O: an efficient catalyst-solvent combination for the synthesis of Perlin aldehydes and related compounds. Application in the synthesis of unnatural l-azasugars

Metal free synthesis of 2,3-dideoxy-α, β-unsaturated carbohydrate enals (Perlin aldehydes)

A metal free synthesis of enantiopure 2,3-dideoxy-α, β-unsaturated carbohydrate enals (Perlin aldehydes), in CH₃CN-0.02 N H₂SO₄ in water (1:1, v/v) with 0.5 equivalent additives (4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone or 4-amino coumarin), has been reported. This efficient protocol works well for the acetylated glycals (glucal, galactal and arabinal) and afforded Perlin aldehydes and hemiacetals in acceptable to good yields. Whereas, benzylated glycals furnished respective Perlin aldehydes, hemiacetals and the 2-deoxy derivatives, under similar reaction conditions. The products yields were significantly reduced when the additives were removed from the reaction mixture, indicating that they constitute an essential component of this approach. Further the use of 0.02 N H₂SO₄ in water: acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) solvent system is essential for the formation of Perlin aldehydes. The similar reactions under neutral reaction conditions (CH₃CN:H₂O, 1:1, v/v) with additives, afforded the hemiacetals as major product. This methodology is a metal free approach to Perlin aldehyde synthesis and therefore having additional benefit of its use in preparation of bioactive drug molecules, where metal toxicity is the major concern.