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Villari V, Micali N, Nicosia A, Mineo P. Water-Soluble Non-Ionic PEGylated Porphyrins: A Versatile Category of Dyes for Basic Science and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:35. [PMID: 34382110 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review arises from the need to rationalize the huge amount of information on the structural and spectroscopic properties of a peculiar class of porphyrin derivatives-the non-ionic PEGylated porphyrins-collected during almost two decades of research. The lack of charged groups in the molecular architecture of these porphyrin derivatives is the leitmotif of the work and plays an outstanding role in highlighting those interactions between porphyrins, or between porphyrins and target molecules (e.g., hydrophobic-, hydrogen bond related-, and coordination-interactions, to name just a few) that are often masked by stronger electrostatic contributions. In addition, it is exactly these weaker interactions between porphyrins that make the aggregated forms more prone to couple efficiently with external perturbative fields like weak hydrodynamic vortexes or temperature gradients. In the absence of charge, solubility in water is very often achieved by covalent functionalization of the porphyrin ring with polyethylene glycol chains. Various modifications, including of chain length or the number of chains, the presence of a metal atom in the porphyrin core, or having two or more porphyrin rings in the molecular architecture, result in a wide range of properties. These encompass self-assembly with different aggregate morphology, molecular recognition of biomolecules, and different photophysical responses, which can be translated into numerous promising applications in the sensing and biomedical field, based on turn-on/turn-off fluorescence and on photogeneration of radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Villari
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy.
| | - Norberto Micali
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Nicosia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Placido Mineo
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Ussia M, Bruno E, Spina E, Vitalini D, Pellegrino G, Ruffino F, Privitera V, Carroccio SC. Freestanding photocatalytic materials based on 3D graphene and polyporphyrins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5001. [PMID: 29568060 PMCID: PMC5864880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new concept in the formulation of hybrid nanostructured materials combining high quality graphene 3D supported by Nickel foam and polyporphyrins for visible light photocatalytic application is here reported. Our innovative approach involves the development of a freestanding device able to: i) offer a high surface area to bind the photosensitizers by π-π interactions, and ii) enhance stability and photocatalytic efficiency by using cyclic porphyrin polymers. For these purposes, homo- and co-polymerization reactions by using different porphyrin (free or zinc complexed) monomers were performed. The microscopic structures and morphology of graphene polymer nanocomposites were investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Finally, photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation of the obtained nanocomposites was tested, by using methylene blue (MB) as organic pollutant. The obtained data suggested that hindered cyclic polymeric structures stacked on graphene surface by non-covalent interactions, restrict the formation of non photoactive aggregates and, as a consequence, induce an enhancement of photocatalytic activity. Remarkably, our systems show a degradation efficiency in the visible-light range much higher than other similar devices containing nanoporphyrin units reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ussia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy.,CNR-IMM, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Bruno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Ruffino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina C Carroccio
- CNR-IMM, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy. .,CNR-IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy.
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Ohkoda Y, Asaishi A, Namiki T, Hashimoto T, Yamada M, Shirai K, Katagami Y, Sugaya T, Tadokoro M, Satake A. D3h -Symmetric Porphyrin-Based Rigid Macrocyclic Ligands for Multicofacial Multinuclear Complexes in a One-Nanometer-Sized Cavity. Chemistry 2015; 21:11745-56. [PMID: 26178883 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The one-step synthesis of D3h -symmetric cyclic porphyrin trimers 1 composed of three 2,2'-[4,4'-bis(methoxycarbonyl)]bipyridyl moieties and three porphyrinatozinc moieties was achieved from a nickel-mediated reductive coupling of meso-5,15-bis(6-chloro-4-methoxycarbonylpyrid-2-yl)porphyrinatozinc. Although cyclic trimers 1 were obtained as a mixture that included other cyclic and acyclic porphyrin oligomers, an extremely specific separation was observed only for cyclic trimers 1 when using columns of silica gel modified with pyrenylethyl, cyanopropyl, and other groups. Structural analysis of cyclic trimers 1 was carried out by means of NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Treatment of an η(3) -allylpalladium complex with a cyclic trimer gave a tris(palladium) complex containing three η(3) -allylpalladium groups inside the space, which indicated that the bipyridyl moieties inside the ring could work as bidentate metalloligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ohkoda
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
| | - Akane Asaishi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
| | - Tomoya Namiki
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
| | - Tomoaki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
| | - Midori Yamada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
| | - Koichiro Shirai
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
| | - Yuta Katagami
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
| | - Tomoaki Sugaya
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
| | - Makoto Tadokoro
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan).
| | - Akiharu Satake
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan).
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Mineo P. A porphyrin/β-cyclodextrin conjugated nano-system having a pan-lid molecular structure for smart drug carrier applications. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3663-70. [PMID: 24763523 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 5,10,15-tri[p(9-methoxy-triethyleneoxy)phenyl]-20-[p-phenylisophthalate-β-cyclodextrin]porphyrin, a compound containing a porphyrin and a β-cyclodextrin unit covalently linked by means of an isophthalic bridge, was synthesized and characterized by NMR, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and UV-vis and circular dichroism spectroscopies. This porphyrin/β-cyclodextrin system, with the porphyrin unit connected to the lower rim (OH-2) of the cyclodextrin structure, is water-soluble and no evidence of a self-assembly arrangement between the porphyrin and cyclodextrin units appears. In this way, the β-cyclodextrin cavities remain free, retaining their potential ability of drug-delivery, with the spectroscopic advantage induced by the high absorbance of the porphyrin unit. Furthermore, the porphyrin unit, interacting with the guest and acting as a lid, could have a role in the controlled release process of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Placido Mineo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and I.N.S.T.M. UdR of Catania, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Mineo P, Spitaleri F, Scamporrino E. A water soluble macromolecular nanobox having porphyrinic walls as a large host for giant guests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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