An efficient one-pot solvent-free synthesis and photophysical properties of 9-aryl/alkyl-octahydroxanthene-1,8-diones

Flexible Approach for the Synthesis of Annulated 4H-Pyrans Based on a Cu(I)-Catalyzed C-Allylation/O-Vinylation Reaction of Cyclic 1-Bromoallyl Tosylates with Cyclic and Acyclic 1,3-Dicarbonyls

The Cu(I)-catalyzed reaction between five-, six-, seven-, and eight-membered cyclic 1-bromoallyl tosylates and five- and six-membered cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyls in DMF at 80 °C using Cs₂CO₃ as a base and 2-picolinic acid as an additive selectively delivers a wide array of bisannulated 4H-pyrans in a single step with yields up to 92%. The transformations are considered to proceed as intermolecular C-allylations/intramolecular O-vinylations. With six-membered cyclic 1-bromoallyl tosylates and acyclic β-ketoesters as substrates, the corresponding 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carboxylates are obtained with yields up to 59%.

Application of cyclohexane-1,3-diones for six-membered oxygen-containing heterocycles synthesis

Cyclohexan-1,3-dione derivatives are versatile scaffolds for the synthesis of a variety of value-added organic molecules including heterocycles and natural products. Six-membered oxygen heterocycles prepared from cyclohexan-1,3-diones are of much importance as they are intermediate for the synthesis of a number of natural products and several other valuable bioactive molecules which shows anti-viral, anti-bacterial, analgesic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-tumor and anti-cancer activities. These advantages have inspired us to write a detailed survey on the newly developed methods which are very essential in the construction of six-membered oxygen heterocycles. Further, the versatility in the chemistry of cyclohexan-1,3-dione and its derivatives is due to the presence of highly active methylene moiety and its active di-carbonyl groups. Recently, reactions of cyclohexane-1,3-dione and its derivatives with other substrates for instance aldehydes, malononitriles, NMSM, chalcones, isatin etc. have been established for the construction of a variety of six-membered oxygen heterocycles. The studies reported in this review article involved the synthesis of six-membered oxygen-containing heterocycles which includes 4H-chromen-5(6H)-one, 2H-xanthen-1(9H)-one, 2H-xanthen-1,8(5H,9H)-dione, 6H-chromen-2,5-dione derivatives and natural products having six-membered oxygen heterocycles from cyclohexane-1,3-dione and its derivatives as one of the substrate.

Emerging Trends in the Syntheses of Heterocycles Using Graphene-based Carbocatalysts: An Update

Graphene-based carbocatalysts owing to numerous amazing properties such as large specific surface area, high intrinsic mobility, excellent thermal and electrical conductivities, chemical stability, ease of functionalization, simple method of preparation, effortless recovery and recyclability have gained a superior position amongst the conventional homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. In this review, an endeavor has been made to highlight the syntheses of diverse heterocyclic compounds catalyzed by graphene-based catalysts. Further, the study also reveals that all the catalysts could be reused several times without significant loss in their catalytic activity. Additionally, most of the reactions catalyzed by graphene-based carbocatalysts were carried out at ambient temperature and under solvent-free conditions. Thus, the graphene-based catalysts do not merely act as efficient catalysts but also serve as sustainable, green catalysts. This review is divided into various sub-sections, each of which comprehensively describes the preparation of a particular heterocyclic scaffold catalyzed by graphene-derived carbocatalyst in addition to synthesis of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, functionalization, and structural features governing their catalytic properties. Synthesis of heterocycles catalyzed by graphene-based carbocatalysts.

A novel protocol for catalyst-free synthesis of fused six-member rings to triazole and pyrazole

Herein, an effectual, quick and novel method is described for the synthesis of new triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, triazolo[5,1-b][1,3] thiazine and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives. This series of fused six-member rings to triazole and pyrazole was prepared via the catalyst-free reaction of dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates and 3-substituted 1H-1,2,4-triazole or 3-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile. The structures of the prepared products were deduced from their Fourier-transform infrared, elemental analysis and proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. A novel and green method is described for the synthesis of new triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, triazolo[5,1-b][1,3] thiazine and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives.

Dicoumarol derivatives: Green synthesis and molecular modelling studies of their anti-LOX activity

Dicoumarol derivatives were synthesized in the InCl3 catalyzed pseudo three-component reactions of 4-hydroxycoumarin with aromatic aldehydes in excellent yields. The reactions were performed in water under microwave irradiation. All synthesized compounds were characterized using NMR, IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, as well as with TD-DFT. Obtained dicoumarols were subjected to evaluation of their in vitro lipid peroxidation and soybean lipoxygenase inhibition activities. It was shown that five of ten examined compounds (3e, 3h, 3b, 3d, 3f) possess significant potential of antilipid peroxidation (84-97%), and that compounds 3b, 3e, 3h provided the highest soybean lipoxygenase (LOX-Ib) inhibition (IC50 = 52.5 µM) and 3i somewhat lower activity (IC50 = 55.5 µM). The bioactive conformations of the best LOX-Ib inhibitors were obtained by means of molecular docking and molecular dynamics. It was shown that, within the bioactive conformations interior to LOX-Ib active site, the most active compounds form the pyramidal structure made of two 4-hydroxycoumarin cores and a central phenyl substituent. This form serves as a spatial barrier which prevents LOX-Ib Fe2+/Fe3+ ion activity to generate the coordinative bond with the C13 hydroxyl group of the α-linoleate. It is worth pointing out that the most active compounds 3b, 3e, 3h and 3i can be candidates for further examination of their in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and that molecular modeling study results provide possibility to screen bioactive conformations and elucidate the mechanism of dicoumarols anti-LOX activity.

Greener Route for Synthesis of aryl and alkyl-14H-dibenzo [a.j] xanthenes using Graphene Oxide-Copper Ferrite Nanocomposite as a Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst

A facile, efficient and environmentally-friendly protocol for the synthesis of xanthenes by graphene oxide based nanocomposite (GO-CuFe2O4) has been developed by one-pot condensation route. The nanocomposite was designed by decorating copper ferrite nanoparticles on graphene oxide (GO) surface via a solution combustion route without the use of template. The as-synthesized GO-CuFe2O4 composite was comprehensively characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM, EDX, HRTEM with EDS mapping, XPS, N2 adsorption-desorption and ICP-OES techniques. This nanocomposite was then used in an operationally simple, cost effective, efficient and environmentally benign synthesis of 14H-dibenzo xanthene under solvent free condition. The present approach offers several advantages such as short reaction times, high yields, easy purification, a cleaner reaction, ease of recovery and reusability of the catalyst by a magnetic field. Based upon various controlled reaction results, a possible mechanism for xanthene synthesis over GO-CuFe2O4 catalyst was proposed. The superior catalytic activity of the GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite can be attributed to the synergistic interaction between GO and CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, high surface area and presence of small sized CuFe2O4 NPs. This versatile GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite synthesized via combustion method holds great promise for applications in wide range of industrially important catalytic reactions.

Secondary amine based ionic liquid: an efficient catalyst for solvent free one pot synthesis of xanthenes and benzoxanthenes

Amine based ionic liquid was reported as an efficient and easily recyclable catalyst for the solvent free environmental benign synthesis of xanthene and benzoxanthene derivatives within 10–30 minutes.

Xanthenedione derivatives, new promising antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor agents

Natural and synthetic xanthone derivatives are well-known for their ability to act as antioxidants and/or enzyme inhibitors. This paper aims to present a successful synthetic methodology towards xanthenedione derivatives and the study of their aromatization to xanthones. Additionally their ability to reduce Fe(III), to scavenge DPPH radicals and to inhibit AChE was evaluated. The results demonstrated that xanthenedione derivative 5e, bearing a catechol unit, showed higher reduction capacity than BHT and similar to quercetin, strong DPPH scavenging activity (EC₅₀ = 3.79 ± 0.06 µM) and it was also showed to be a potent AChEI (IC₅₀ = 31.0 ± 0.09 µM) when compared to galantamine (IC₅₀ = 211.8 ± 9.5 µM).

A highly efficient nano-Fe3O4 encapsulated-silica particles bearing sulfonic acid groups as a solid acid catalyst for synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derivatives

ABSTRACT

The functionalization of silica-coated Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂) using chlorosulfonic acid were afforded sulfonic acid-functionalized magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-SO₃H) that can be applied as an organic-inorganic hybrid heterogeneous catalyst. The used Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles are 18-30 nm sized that was rapidly functionalized and can be used as catalyst in organic synthesis. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, magnetization curve, scanning electron microscope, dynamic laser scattering, and FT-IR measurements. The resulting immobilized catalysts have been successfully used in the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derivatives under solvent free condition. This procedure has many advantages such as; a much milder method, a shorter reaction time, a wide range of functional group tolerance, and absence of any tedious workup or purification. Other remarkable features include the catalyst can be reused at least five times without any obvious change in its catalytic activity. This procedure also avoids hazardous reagents/solvents, and thus can be an eco-friendly alternative to the existing methods.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

A highly efficient nano-Fe₃O₄ encapsulated-silica particles bearing sulfonic acid groups as a solid acid catalyst for synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derivatives.