A facile approach to polysubstituted pyrazoles from hydrazonyl chlorides and vinyl azides

Synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile imines with ninhydrin-derived Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates

An effective synthetic method for 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction has been developed. This reaction could smoothly proceed between ninhydrin-derived Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates and nitrilimines to provide a wide scope of differently substituted pyrazoles in high yields (up to 95%). In addition, the reaction mechanism was also proposed to explain its regioselectivity.

Recent advances in pyrazole synthesis employing diazo compounds and synthetic analogues

This review summarizes the recent developments in the construction of pyrazoles using diazo compounds, nitrile imines and their synthetic equivalents.

Vinylazides: versatile synthons and magical precursors for the construction of N-heterocycles

Nowadays, application of vinylazides as precursors is a key method for the construction of N-heterocycles in organic synthesis. These versatile three-atom synthons can be converted into intermediates such as 2H-azirines, iminyl radicals, iminyl metal complexes, iminyl inions and nitrilium ions that subsequently afford a wide range of polyfunctional cyclic nitrogen-containing compounds. In this review, the reactions of vinylazides leading to these products (in the last decade) are categorized based on the types of the resulting N-heterocyclic rings and a brief and concise description of the reaction mechanisms is presented.

Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazines Using the Base-Mediated Cyclization of ( Z)-2,4-Diazido-2-alkenoates

A highly efficient and convenient method for the synthesis of 6-aryl-1,2,3-triazine-4-carboxylate esters has been developed using readily accessible ( Z)-4-aryl-2,4-diazido-2-alkenoates. This reaction is performed under mildly basic conditions without the assistance of any transition metals or strong acid.

Extension of antiaromatic norcorrole by cycloaddition

Cycloaddition of iminonitrile to norcorrolatonickel(ii) yields the first chiral antiaromatic tetrapyrrole and pyrazole-fused system of enhanced paratropicity.

Regioselective [3 + 2]-annulation of hydrazonyl chlorides with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds for assembling of polysubstituted pyrazoles

The facile approach to polysubstituted pyrazoles from hydrazonyl chlorides and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds has been developed. Hydrazonyl chlorides reacted with N-phenyl-3-oxobutanamides smoothly to afford a series of polysubstituted pyrazoles in 67–98% yields via the [3 + 2]-cycloaddition.

Reactivities of vinyl azides and their recent applications in nitrogen heterocycle synthesis

Nitrogen heterocycles are abundant in natural products and pharmaceuticals. An emerging interest among synthetic chemists is to apply vinyl azides as a pivotal three-atom synthon for the construction of structurally complex and diverse N-heterocyclic skeletons. The unique features of the azide group connected to an alkene moiety permit vinyl azides to function as electrophiles, nucleophiles, or radical acceptors; their access to diverse reaction pathways provides great opportunities to generate highly reactive intermediates with often unusual or unconventional reactivities. This tutorial review will systematically illustrate the reactivities of vinyl azides and describe recent breakthroughs in the development of new transformations that create N-heterocycles.

Pyrazole-5-carboxamides, novel inhibitors of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)

In an effort to develop novel inhibitors of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, a series of pyrazole-5-carboxamides were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated. Analyses of the extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) led us to identify a 4-fluorophenoxy analog (40) that exhibited improved in vitro RAGE inhibitory activity and more favorable aqueous solubility than the parent 2-aminopyrimidine, 1. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and molecular docking study strongly supported the RAGE inhibitory activity of pyrazole-5-carboxamides. The brain Aβ-lowering effect of 40 is also described.

One-pot three-component approach to the synthesis of polyfunctional pyrazoles

A simple, multicomponent, and straightforward reaction of vinyl azide, aldehyde, and tosylhydrazine affords the construction of 3,4,5-trisubstituted 1H-pyrazoles regioselectively in the presence of base with moderate to excellent yields. A range of functionality could be tolerated in this methodology, and a possible mechanism is proposed.

Multistep flow synthesis of vinyl azides and their use in the copper-catalyzed Huisgen-type cycloaddition under inductive-heating conditions

The multistep flow synthesis of vinyl azides and their application in the synthesis of vinyltriazoles is reported. The synthesis relies on a stable polymer-bound equivalent of iodine azide that serves to carry out 1,2-functionalization of alkenes in a telescope flow protocol. The intermediate 2-iodo azides are subjected to a DBU-mediated polymer-supported elimination step yielding vinyl azides in good yield. The third step involves the formation of vinyl triazoles by a copper-catalyzed Huisgen-"click" cycloaddition. The required heat is generated by electromagnetic induction based on copper. Copper serves both as heatable as well as catalytically active packed-bed material inside the flow reactor.