1
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Logallo A, Maddock LCH, Mu M, Gravogl L, Jin N, Peñas-Defrutos MN, Meyer K, García-Melchor M, Hevia E. Unlocking the Metalation Applications of TMP-powered Fe and Co(II) bis(amides): Synthesis, Structure and Mechanistic Insights. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402907. [PMID: 38563772 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Typified by LiTMP and TMPMgCl.LiCl, (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide), s-block metal amides have found widespread applications in arene deprotonative metalation. On the contrary, transition metal amides lack sufficient basicity to activate these substrates. Breaking new ground in this field, here we present the synthesis and full characterisation of earth-abundant transition metals M(TMP)2 (M=Fe, Co). Uncovering a new reactivity profile towards fluoroarenes, these amide complexes can promote direct M-H exchange processes regioselectively using one or two of their basic amide arms. Remarkably, even when using a perfluorinated substrate, selective C-H metalation occurs leaving C-F bonds intact. Their kinetic basicity can be boosted by LiCl or NBu4Cl additives which enables formation of kinetically activated ate species. Combining spectroscopic and structural studies with DFT calculations, mechanistic insights have been gained on how these low polarity metalation processes take place. M(TMP)2 can also be used to access ferrocene and cobaltocene by direct deprotonation of cyclopentadiene and undergo efficient CO2 insertion of both amide groups under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Logallo
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lewis C H Maddock
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manting Mu
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Gravogl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Na Jin
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marconi N Peñas-Defrutos
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin College Green, Dublin, Ireland
- IU CINQUIMA, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max García-Melchor
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Tinnermann H, Sung S, Csókás D, Toh ZH, Fraser C, Young RD. Alkali Metal Adducts of an Iron(0) Complex and Their Synergistic FLP-Type Activation of Aliphatic C-X Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10700-10708. [PMID: 34251818 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the formation and full characterization of weak adducts between Li+ and Na+ cations and a neutral iron(0) complex, [Fe(CO)3(PMe3)2] (1), supported by weakly coordinating [BArF20] anions, [1·M][BArF20] (M = Li, Na). The adducts are found to synergistically activate aliphatic C-X bonds (X = F, Cl, Br, I, OMs, OTf), leading to the formation of iron(II) organyl compounds of the type [FeR(CO)3(PMe3)2][BArF20], of which several were isolated and fully characterized. Stoichiometric reactions with the resulting iron(II) organyl compounds show that this system can be utilized for homocoupling and cross-coupling reactions and the formation of new C-E bonds (E = C, H, O, N, S). Further, we utilize [1·M][BArF20] as a catalyst in a simple hydrodehalogenation reaction under mild conditions to showcase its potential use in catalytic reactions. Finally, the mechanism of activation is probed using DFT and kinetic experiments that reveal that the alkali metal and iron(0) center cooperate to cleave C-X via a mechanism closely related to intramolecular FLP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Tinnermann
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Simon Sung
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhi Hao Toh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Craig Fraser
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Rowan D Young
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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3
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Weller R, Müller I, Duhayon C, Sabo-Etienne S, Bontemps S, Werncke CG. Quasilinear 3d-metal(i) complexes [KM(N(Dipp)SiR 3) 2] (M = Cr-Co) - structural diversity, solution state behaviour and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4890-4903. [PMID: 33877186 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of neutral quasilinear 3d-metal(i) complexes of chromium to cobalt of the type [KM(N(Dipp)SiMe3)2] (Dipp = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl) are reported. In solid state these metal(i) complexes either occur as isolated molecules (Co) or are part of a potassium ion linked 1D-coordination polymer (Cr-Fe). In solution the potassium cation is either ligated within the ligand sphere of the metal silylamide or is separated from the complex depending on the solvent. For iron, we showcase that it is possible to use sodium or lithium metal for the reduction of the metal(ii) precursor. However, in these cases the resulting iron(i) complexes can only be isolated upon cation separation using an appropriate crown-ether. Further, the neutral metal(i) complexes are used to introduce NBu4+ as an organic cation in the case of cobalt and iron. The impact of the intramolecular cation complexation was further demonstrated upon reaction with diphenyl acetylene which leads to bond formation processes and redox disproportionation instead of η2-alkyne complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Weller
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
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4
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Shigeno M, Nakaji K, Kajima A, Nozawa-Kumada K, Kondo Y. Deprotonative Coupling of Pyridines with Aldehydes Catalyzed by an HMDS-Amide Base Generated in Situ. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1179-1182. [PMID: 31685747 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the deprotonative functionalization of pyridine derivatives with aldehydes under ambient conditions has been demonstrated using an amide base generated in situ from a catalytic amount of CsF and a stoichiometric amount of tris(trimethylsilyl)amine (N(TMS)3). Pyridine substrates bearing two electron-withdrawing substituents (i.e., fluoro, chloro, bromo, and trifluoromethyl moieties) at the 3- and 5-positions efficiently react at the 4-position with various aldehydes including arylaldehydes, pivalaldehyde, and cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Shigeno
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Kunihito Nakaji
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Akihisa Kajima
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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5
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Pang JH, Kaga A, Chiba S. Nucleophilic amination of methoxypyridines by a sodium hydride-iodide composite. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10324-10327. [PMID: 30141796 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05979a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new protocol for nucleophilic amination of methoxypyridines and their derivatives was developed using sodium hydride (NaH) in the presence of lithium iodide (LiI). The method offers a concise access to various aminopyridines which are potentially of medicinal interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hao Pang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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6
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Maddock LCH, Nixon T, Kennedy AR, Probert MR, Clegg W, Hevia E. Utilising Sodium-Mediated Ferration for Regioselective Functionalisation of Fluoroarenes via C−H and C−F Bond Activations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:187-191. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Tracy Nixon
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Michael R. Probert
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - William Clegg
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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7
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Maddock LCH, Nixon T, Kennedy AR, Probert MR, Clegg W, Hevia E. Utilising Sodium-Mediated Ferration for Regioselective Functionalisation of Fluoroarenes via C−H and C−F Bond Activations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Tracy Nixon
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Michael R. Probert
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - William Clegg
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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8
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Uzelac M, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Trans-Metal-Trapping Meets Frustrated-Lewis-Pair Chemistry: Ga(CH 2SiMe 3) 3-Induced C-H Functionalizations. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8615-8626. [PMID: 28485929 PMCID: PMC5549243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Merging two topical themes in main-group chemistry, namely, cooperative bimetallics and frustrated-Lewis-pair (FLP) activity, this Forum Article focuses on the cooperativity-induced outcomes observed when the tris(alkyl)gallium compound GaR3 (R = CH2SiMe3) is paired with the lithium amide LiTMP (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide) or the sterically hindered N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3-bis(tert-butyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (ItBu). When some previously published work are drawn together with new results, unique tandem reactivities are presented that are driven by the steric mismatch between the individual reagents of these multicomponent reagents. Thus, the LiTMP/GaR3 combination, which on its own fails to form a cocomplex, functions as a highly regioselective base (LiTMP)/trap (GaR3) partnership for the metalation of N-heterocycles such as diazines, 1,3-benzoazoles, and 2-picolines in a trans-metal-trapping (TMT) process that stabilizes the emerging sensitive carbanions. Taking advantage of related steric incompatibility, a novel monometallic FLP system pairing GaR3 with ItBu has been developed for the activation of carbonyl compounds (via C═O insertion) and other molecules with acidic hydrogen atoms such as phenol and phenylacetylene. Shedding new light on how these non-cocomplexing partnerships operate and showcasing the potential of gallium reagents to engage in metalation reactions or FLP activations, areas where the use of this group 13 metal is scant, this Forum Article aims to stimulate more interest and activity toward the advancement of organogallium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Uzelac
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
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9
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Abstract
Azines, which are six-membered aromatic compounds containing one or more nitrogen atoms, serve as ubiquitous structural cores of aromatic species with important applications in biological and materials sciences. Among a variety of synthetic approaches toward azines, C-H functionalization represents the most rapid and atom-economical transformation, and it is advantageous for the late-stage functionalization of azine-containing functional molecules. Since azines have several C-H bonds with different reactivities, the development of new reactions that allow for the functionalization of azines in a regioselective fashion has comprised a central issue. This review describes recent advances in the C-H functionalization of azines categorized as follows: (1) SNAr reactions, (2) radical reactions, (3) deprotonation/functionalization, and (4) metal-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Murakami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shuya Yamada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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10
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Maddock LCH, Borilovic I, McIntyre J, Kennedy AR, Aromí G, Hevia E. Synthetic, structural and magnetic implications of introducing 2,2′-dipyridylamide to sodium-ferrate complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:6683-6691. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01319a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Establishing transamination as an efficient method to access novel heterobimetallic complexes, this study provides magnetic and structural insights of 2,2-dipyridylamide based sodium ferrate complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Ivana Borilovic
- Department de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Jamie McIntyre
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Guillem Aromí
- Department de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
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11
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Deprotometalation of substituted pyridines and regioselectivity-computed CH acidity relationships. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Struk Ł, Sośnicki JG, Idzik TJ, Maciejewska G. Sequential Synthesis of Organosilicon-Linked 2-Methoxypyridines by Non-Cryogenicortho-Metallation Using thenBu2TMPMg·Li Reagent and Hydrosilylation. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Maddock LCH, Cadenbach T, Kennedy AR, Borilovic I, Aromí G, Hevia E. Accessing Sodium Ferrate Complexes Containing Neutral and Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Structural, Synthetic, and Magnetic Insights. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9201-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Thomas Cadenbach
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Ivana Borilovic
- Departament
de Quı́mica Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Aromí
- Departament
de Quı́mica Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
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14
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Synthesis of azafluorenones and related compounds using deprotocupration–aroylation followed by intramolecular direct arylation. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Tilly D, Snégaroff K, Dayaker G, Chevallier F, Gros PC, Mongin F. (Chiral) lithium–(magnesium–)zinc and lithium–cobalt combinations as dual reagents for aromatic deproto-metalation and aryl transfer to aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Dayaker G, Tilly D, Chevallier F, Hilmersson G, Gros PC, Mongin F. Enantioselective Metalation ofN,N-Diisopropylferrocenecarboxamide and Methyl Ferrocenecarboxylate Using Lithium-Metal Chiral Bases. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Chevallier F, Blin T, Nagaradja E, Lassagne F, Roisnel T, Halauko YS, Matulis VE, Ivashkevich OA, Mongin F. Deproto-metallation and computed CH acidity of 2-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4878-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Armstrong DR, Kennedy AR, Mulvey RE, Parkinson JA, Robertson SD. Opening the black box of mixed-metal TMP metallating reagents: direct cadmation or lithium–cadmium transmetallation? Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20392h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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