An easy one-pot desilylation/copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction assisted by tetra-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF): synthesis of highly π-conjugated porphyrins

Synthesis, Structures, and Complexation with Phenolic Guests of Acridone-Incorporated Arylene-Ethynylene Macrocyclic Compounds

Acridone units were incorporated into the arylene-ethynylene structure as polar arene units. Cyclic trimers consisting of three acridone-2,7-diyl units and three 1,3-phenylene units were synthesized by Sonogashira couplings via stepwise or direct route. X-ray analysis revealed that the trimer had a nearly planar macrocyclic framework with a cavity surrounded by three carbonyl groups. In contrast, the corresponding tetramer had a nonplanar macrocyclic framework. ¹ H NMR measurements showed that the trimer formed a 1 : 1 complex as a macrocyclic host with dihydric phenol guests, and the association constants were determined to be ca. 1.0×10³  L mol^-1 for hydroquinone or resorcinol guests in CDCl₃ at 298 K. The calculated structures of these complexes by the DFT method supported the presence of two sets of OH⋅⋅⋅O=C hydrogen bonds between the host and guest molecules. The spectroscopic data of the cyclic trimers and tetramers are compared with those of reference acridone compounds.

Pd-tetrahydrosalan-type complexes as catalysts for sonogashira couplings in water: efficient greening of the procedure

New sulfonated tetrahydrosalen-type ligands and their water-soluble palladium(II) complexes have been synthesized. The palladium(II) complexes catalyze the Sonogashira coupling (23 examples) of various aryl halides (including chloroarenes) with terminal alkynes, with good to excellent conversions under mild conditions (80°C, air, no Cu(I) cocatalyst) in aqueous-organic mixtures and turnover frequencies of up to 2790 h(-1) . Under optimized reaction conditions to minimize environmental contamination, diphenylacetylenes can be isolated in 76-98% yield. The aqueous catalyst solution can be recycled four times with decreasing activity; however, yields between 93 and 98% can still be achieved with extended reaction times. Several water-insoluble products can be isolated in excellent yield by simple filtration and purification by washing with water; this method is used, for the first time, for this type of C-C coupling procedure.