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Li YK, Cui MX, Sha F, Li Q, Wu XY. Construction of indazolo[3,2-a]isoquinolines via [3 + 2] cycloaddition of benzynes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8963-8968. [PMID: 31576394 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01878f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A [3 + 2] annulation protocol for the construction of N-substituted indazolo[3,2-a]isoquinolines starting from benzynes and C,N-cyclic azomethine imines was developed. A diverse range of highly functionalized products indazolo[3,2-a]isoquinolines featuring an indazole scaffold can be easily accessed via a one-step reaction under mild conditions, and they show good anti-proliferative activity on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Kun Li
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Ming-Xin Cui
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Sha
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong Li
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yan Wu
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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Zhu JS, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: Diverse Chemistries of Highly Reactive Nitroso Intermediates in Heterocycle Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2256-2265. [PMID: 31328502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Indazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles because of their excellent performance in biologically relevant applications, such as in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. In these applications, convenient synthesis using commercially available and diverse building blocks is highly desirable. Within this broad class, 2H-indazoles are relatively underexploited when compared to 1H-indazole, perhaps because of regioselectivity issues associated with the synthesis of 2H-indazoles. This Account describes our unfolding of the synthetic utility of the Davis-Beirut reaction (DBR) for the construction of 2H-indazoles and their derivatives; parallel unfoldings of mechanistic models for these interrelated N-N bond forming reactions are also summarized. The Davis-Beirut reaction is a robust method that exploits the diverse chemistries of a key nitroso imine or nitroso benzaldehyde intermediate generated in situ under redox neutral conditions. The resulting N-N bond-forming heterocyclization between nucleophilic and electrophilic nitrogens can be leveraged for the synthesis of multiple classes of indazoles and their derivatives, such as simple or fused indazolones, thiazolo-indazoles, 3-alkoxy-2H-indazoles, 2H-indazole N-oxides, and 2H-indazoles with various substitutions on the ring system or the nitrogens. These diverse products can all be synthesized under alkaline conditions and the various strategies for accessing these heterocycles are discussed. Alternatively, we have also developed methods involving mild photochemical conditions for the nitrobenzyl → aci-nitro → nitroso imine sequence. Solvent consideration is especially important for modulating the chemistry of the reactive intermediates in these reactions; the presence of water is critically important in some cases, but water's beneficial effect has a ceiling because of the alternative reaction pathways it enables. Fused 2H-indazoles readily undergo ring opening reactions to give indazolones when treated with nucleophiles or electrophiles. Furthermore, palladium-catalyzed cross coupling, the Sonagashira reaction, EDC amide coupling, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with nitrile oxides, copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions (click reaction), as well as copper-free click reactions, can all be used late-stage to modify 2H-indazoles and indazolones. The continued development and applications of the Davis-Beirut reaction has provided many insights for taming the reactivity of highly reactive nitro and nitroso groups, which still has a plethora of underexplored chemistries and challenges. For example, there is currently a limited number of nonfused 2H-indazole examples containing an aryl substitution at nitrogen. This is caused by relatively slow N-N bond formation between N-aryl imine and nitroso reactants, which allows water to add to the key nitroso imine intermediate causing imine bond cleavage to be a competitive reaction pathway rather than proceeding through the desired N-N bond-forming heterocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
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Kraemer N, Li CJ, Zhu JS, Larach JM, Tsui KY, Tantillo DJ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: A Photochemical Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Route to N-Aryl 2 H-Indazoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:6058-6062. [PMID: 31339318 PMCID: PMC6698363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Davis-Beirut reaction provides access to 2H-indazoles from aromatic nitro compounds. However, N-aryl targets have been traditionally challenging to access due to competitive alternate reaction pathways. Previously, the key nitroso imine intermediate was generated under alkaline conditions, but as reported here, the photochemistry of o-nitrobenzyl alcohols empowered Brønsted acid catalyzed conditions for accessing N-aryl targets. Anilines and alkyl amines give different outcomes under optimized conditions; the proposed mechanism was studied using quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Clarabella J. Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Julio M. Larach
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ka Yi Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Zhu JS, Duong MR, Teuthorn AP, Lu JY, Son JH, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: Alkoxide versus Hydroxide Addition to the Key o-Nitrosoimine Intermediate. Org Lett 2018; 20:1308-1311. [PMID: 29431446 PMCID: PMC6485925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reaction options, alkoxide vs hydroxide vs amine addition to the key intermediate (o-nitrosoimine) generated in the Davis-Beirut reaction of an o-nitrobenzylamine substrate, are reported to explain the nucleophilic addition selectivity of this one-pot indazole-forming process. The hydroxide addition/deprotection pathway as well as the fate of the resulting o-nitrosobenzaldehyde were both uncovered with several o-nitrobenzylamine substrates, and design elements required for an efficient double Davis-Beirut reaction, inspired by new mechanistic insights, were defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Matthew R. Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrew P. Teuthorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Julia Y. Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Makhluf J. Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Sudhapriya N, Balachandran C, Awale S, Perumal PT. Sn(ii)-Mediated facile approach for the synthesis of 2-aryl-2H-indazole-3-phosphonates and their anticancer activities. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00843k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of 2-aryl-2H-indazole-3-phosphonates has been achieved successfully via a SnCl2·2H2O mediated one-pot method.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Sudhapriya
- Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600 020
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - C. Balachandran
- Division of Natural Drug Discovery
- Department of Translational Research
- Institute of Natural Medicine
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
| | - S. Awale
- Division of Natural Drug Discovery
- Department of Translational Research
- Institute of Natural Medicine
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
| | - P. T. Perumal
- Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600 020
- India
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Lin W, Hu M, Feng X, Cao C, Huang Z, Shi D. A Facile One-Step Synthesis of 2-Arylindazoles via Reductive Cyclization of N-(2-nitroarylidene)amines. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengpao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Daqing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
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Luo SP, Geng H, Wang Y, Huang PQ. Low-Valent Titanium-Mediated Enantioselective Synthesis of Quinazolinone Alkaloids Circumdatins F, H, and Analogs. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sagar A, Babu VN, Sharada DS. Silica gel promoted environment-friendly synthesis of α-amino amidines and regioselective transformation of α-amino amidines into amidino substituted indazoles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environment-friendly three-component Ugi-type strategy (U-3CR) for the synthesis of α-amino amidines promoted by silica gel and further transformation into amidino substituted indazoles in regioselective manner under iron catalysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sagar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad
- India
| | | | - Duddu. S. Sharada
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad
- India
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Lin W, Hu MH, Feng X, Fu L, Cao CP, Huang ZB, Shi DQ. Selective reduction of carbonyl groups in the presence of low-valent titanium reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Hirayama T, Ueda S, Okada T, Tsurue N, Okuda K, Nagasawa H. Facile One-Pot Synthesis of [1, 2, 3]Triazolo[1, 5-a]Pyridines from 2-Acylpyridines by Copper(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative NN Bond Formation. Chemistry 2014; 20:4156-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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