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Wubie GZ, Lu MN, Desta MA, Weldekirstos HD, Lee MM, Wu WT, Li SR, Wei TC, Sun SS. Structural Engineering of Organic D-A-π-A Dyes Incorporated with a Dibutyl-Fluorene Moiety for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23513-23522. [PMID: 33840194 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Structural engineering of the light-harvesting dyes employed in DSSCs (dye-sensitized solar cells) with a systematic choice of the electron-donating and -accepting groups as well as the π-bridge allows the (photo)physical properties of dyes to match the criteria needed for improving the DSSC efficiency. Herein, we report an effective approach of molecular engineering of DSSC sensitizers, aiming to gain insights on the configurational impact of the fluorenyl unit on the optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. Five new organic dyes (GZ116, GZ126, GZ129, MA1116, and MA1118) with a D-A-π-A framework integrated with a fluorenyl moiety were designed and synthesized for DSSCs. The fluorenyl unit is configured as part of the π-spacer for the GZ series, whereas it connected on the electron-deficient quinoxaline motif for the MA series. The devices fabricated from the MA1116 sensitizer produced the best performance under standard AM 1.5 G solar conditions as well as dim-light (300-6000 lx) illumination. The devices fabricated from MA1116 displayed a PCE of 8.68% (Jsc = 15.00 mA cm-2, Voc = 0.82 V, and FF = 0.71) under 1 sun and 26.81% (Jsc = 0.93 mA cm-2, Voc = 0.68 V, and FF = 0.76) under 6000 lx illumination. The device efficiency based on dye MA1116 under 1 sun outperformed that based on the standard N719 dye, whereas a comparable performance between devices based on MA1116 and N719 was achieved under dim-light conditions. A combination of enhancing the charge separation, suppressing dye aggregation, and providing better insulation that prevents the oxidized redox mediator from approaching the TiO2 surface all contribute to the superior performance of DSSCs fabricated based on these light-harvesting dyes. The judicious integration of the fluorenyl unit in a D-A-π-A-based DSSC would be a promising strategy to boost the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebremariam Zebene Wubie
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. R.O.C
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Man-Ning Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mekonnen Abebayehu Desta
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. R.O.C
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hulugirgesh Degefu Weldekirstos
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. R.O.C
- Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Mandy M Lee
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. R.O.C
| | - Wen-Ti Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. R.O.C
| | - Sie-Rong Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. R.O.C
| | - Tzu-Chien Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Sheng Sun
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. R.O.C
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Wubie GZ, Desta MA, Weldekirstos HD, Lee MM, Wu W, Li S, Sun S. An organic dye containing electron‐rich cyclopentadithiophene for dye‐sensitized solar cells with an efficiency over 28% at 6,000 lux. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gebremariam Zebene Wubie
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, ROC
- Taiwan International Graduate Program Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mekonnen Abebayehu Desta
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Chemistry Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Hulugirgesh Degefu Weldekirstos
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Chemistry Debre Berhan University Debre Birhan Ethiopia
| | - Mandy M. Lee
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen‐Ti Wu
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sie‐Rong Li
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih‐Sheng Sun
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, ROC
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Fang J, Xu M, Hu X, Wu C, Lu S, Yu H, Bao X, Wang Y, Shao G, Liu W. Aggregation-Free Organic Dyes Featuring Spiro[dibenzo[3,4:6,7]cyclohepta[1,2- b]quinoxaline-10,9'-fluorene] (SDBQX) for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2019; 3:1900034. [PMID: 31592334 PMCID: PMC6777215 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three novel organic dyes coded as FHD4-1, FHD4-2, and FHD4-3 featuring spiro[dibenzo[3,4:6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-b]quinoxaline-10,9'-fluorene] (SDBQX) moieties are designed to inhibit dye aggregation to improve the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The consistent absorption onsets of FHD4-1, FHD4-2, and FHD4-3 in solutions and adsorbed on TiO2 films indicate that these dyes are aggregation-free dyes. Therefore, coadsorption with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) of these three dyes reduces the performance of DSSCs because no inhibition effect for dye aggregation is needed, but, on the contrary, the dye loading amount is reduced after addition of CDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Kun Fang
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China
| | - Mengchen Xu
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China
| | - Xiangyu Hu
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China
| | - Chunxia Wu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Researchand Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024China
| | - Shuang Lu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Researchand Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024China
- Hebei Agricultural UniversityCangzhou061100China
| | - Hui‐Juan Yu
- School of ChemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
- Shenzhen Research InstituteSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518057China
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China
| | - Yinglin Wang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Researchand Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024China
| | - Guang Shao
- School of ChemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
- Shenzhen Research InstituteSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518057China
| | - Wei Liu
- Chengde Huakan No.514 Geological Mineral Testing Research Co., Ltd.Chengde067000China
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Quinoxaline-Based Dual Donor, Dual Acceptor Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8091421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel metal-free quinoxaline-based molecular framework with a dual donor and dual acceptor (DD-π-AA) motif has been introduced. Four sensitizers (AP6, AP8, AP9, and AP12) have been synthesized and fully characterized via UV–Vis absorption, cyclic voltammetry, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC), and in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) devices. Structural modifications to both the donor and acceptor/anchor regions were evaluated via structure–property relationships without altering the quinoxaline π-bridge. Through careful dye design, a broadly absorbing near-infrared (NIR) sensitizer extending electricity production to 800 nm is realized in DSC devices. Ground- and excited-state oxidation potentials were measured to show energetically favorable charge transfer events. Importantly, the dye structure was found to have a strong influence on dye energetics in different environments with structural elements allowing for either similar or dramatically different solution versus film measurements. The DSC device electrolyte was also found to have a significant influence on dye energetics as well. Electron transfer events were probed for each dye with DSC device measurements and with TCSPC studies. The results are correlated to the dye structures.
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Theoretical and experimental study of electron-deficient core substitution effect of diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives on optoelectrical and charge transport properties. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wu W, Xiang H, Fan W, Wang J, Wang H, Hua X, Wang Z, Long Y, Tian H, Zhu WH. Cosensitized Porphyrin System for High-Performance Solar Cells with TOF-SIMS Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16081-16090. [PMID: 28425293 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To date, development of organic sensitizers has been predominately focused on light harvesting, highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels, and the electron transferring process. In contrast, their adsorption mode as well as the dynamic loading behavior onto nanoporous TiO2 is rarely considered. Herein, we have employed the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) to gain insight into the competitive dye adsorption mode and kinetics in the cosensitized porphyrin system. Using novel porphyrin dye FW-1 and D-A-π-A featured dye WS-5, the different bond-breaking mode in TOF-SIMS and dynamic dye-loading amount during the coadsorption process are well-compared with two different anchoring groups, such as benzoic acid and cyanoacrylic acid. With the bombardment mode in TOF-SIMS spectra, we have speculated that the cyano group grafts onto nanoporous TiO2 as tridentate binding for the common anchoring unit of cyanoacrylic acid and confirmed it through extensive first-principles density functional theory calculation by anchoring either the carboxyl or cyano group, which shows that the cyano group can efficiently participate in the adsorption of the WS-5 molecule onto the TiO2 nanocrystal. The grafting reinforcement interaction between the cyano group and TiO2 in WS-5 can well-explain the rapid adsorption characteristics. A strong coordinate bond between the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen or oxygen atom and the Lewis acid sites of TiO2 can increase electron injection efficiencies with respect to those from the bond between the benzoic acid group and the Brønsted acid sites of the TiO2 surface. Upon optimization of the coadsorption process with dye WS-5, the photoelectric conversion efficiency based on porphyrin dye FW-1 is increased from 6.14 to 9.72%. The study on the adsorption dynamics of organic sensitizers with TOF-SIMS analysis might provide a new venue for improvement of cosensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Centre for Computational Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huaide Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Centre for Computational Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Centre for Computational Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Centre for Computational Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Centre for Computational Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yitao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Centre for Computational Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Centre for Computational Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Centre for Computational Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
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Desta MA, Liao CW, Sun SS. A General Strategy to Enhance the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Incorporating a Light-Harvesting Dye with a Hydrophobic Polydiacetylene Electrolyte-Blocking Layer. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:690-697. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mekonnen Abebayehu Desta
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan Republic of China
- Molecular Science and Technology; Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP); Taipei 10617 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Chia-Wei Liao
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Shih-Sheng Sun
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan Republic of China
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Singh AS, Sun SS. Structurally Flexible C₃-Symmetric Receptors for Molecular Recognition and Their Self-Assembly Properties. CHEM REC 2015. [PMID: 26202256 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bioinspired design and synthesis of building blocks and their assemblies by the supramolecular approach has ever fascinated scientists to utilize such artificial systems for numerous purposes. Flexibility is a basic feature of natural systems. However, in artificial systems this is difficult to control, especially if there is no preorganization of the component(s) of a system. We have designed and synthesized a series of C3 -symmetric N-bridged flexible receptors and successfully utilized them to selectively entrap the notorious and toxic nitrate anion in aqueous medium. This was the first report of highest binding affinity for the nitrate anion in aqueous medium. An impressive self-sorting phenomenon of reversibly formed hydrogen-bonded capsules, which self-assembled from flexible tripodal receptors having branches of similar size and bearing the same amide functionality, has been disclosed. Encapsulated nitrate anion has been further utilized for the photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of strained four-membered ring structures through dynamic self-assembly. In this Personal Account, we summarize these results showing the utility of naturally inspired flexibility in artificial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh S Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Institute of Physics Campus, Sachivalaya Marg, Near Sainik School, Bhubaneswar, 751005, India
| | - Shih-Sheng Sun
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 115 Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Li CT, Lee CP, Lee CT, Li SR, Sun SS, Ho KC. Iodide-free ionic liquid with dual redox couples for dye-sensitized solar cells with high open-circuit voltage. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1244-1253. [PMID: 25772944 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel ionic-liquid mediator, 1-butyl-3-{2-oxo-2-[(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]ethyl}-1H-imidazol-3-ium selenocyanate (ITSeCN), has been successfully synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). ITSeCN possesses dual redox channels, imidazolium-functionalized 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) and selenocyanate, which can serve as the cationic redox mediator and the anionic redox mediator, respectively. Therefore, ITSeCN has a favorable redox nature, which results in a more positive standard potential, larger diffusivity, and better kinetic heterogeneous rate constant than those of iodide. The DSSC with the ITSeCN electrolyte shows an efficiency of 8.38 % with a high open-current voltage (VOC ) of 854.3 mV, and this VOC value is about 150 mV higher than that for the iodide-based DSSC. Moreover, different electrocatalytic materials were employed to trigger the redox reaction of ITSeCN. The ITSeCN-based DSSC with the CoSe counter electrode achieved the best performance of 9.01 %, which suggested that transition-metal compound-type materials would be suitable for our newly synthesized ITSeCN mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617 (Taiwan)
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Pei K, Wu Y, Li H, Geng Z, Tian H, Zhu WH. Cosensitization of D-A-π-A quinoxaline organic dye: efficiently filling the absorption valley with high photovoltaic efficiency. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:5296-5304. [PMID: 25710618 DOI: 10.1021/am508623e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the efficient cosensitization, the pure organic sensitizers with high molecular extinction coefficients and long wavelength response are highly preferable since the dye loading amount for each dye in cosensitization is decreased with respect to single dye sensitization. A D-A-π-A featured quinoxaline organic sensitizer IQ21 is specifically designed. The high conjugation building block of 4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene (CPDT) is introduced as the π bridge, instead of the traditional thiophene unit, especially in realizing high molecular extinction coefficients (up to 66 600 M(-1) cm(-1)) and extending the light response wavelength. With respect to the reference dye IQ4, the slightly lower efficiency of IQ21 (9.03%) arises from the decrease of VOC, which offsets the gain in JSC. While cosensitized with a smaller D-π-A dye S2, the efficiency in IQ21 is further improved to 10.41% (JSC = 19.8 mA cm(-2), VOC = 731 mV, FF = 0.72). The large improvement in efficiency is attributed to the well-matched molecular structures and loading amounts of both dyes in the cosensitization system. We also demonstrated that coabsorbent dye S2 can distinctly compensate the inherent drawbacks of IQ21, not only enhancing the response intensity of IPCE, making up the absorption defects around low wavelength region of IPCE, but also repressing the charge recombination rate to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Collaborative Innovation Center for Coal Based Energy (i-CCE), East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Lee CP, Lin RYY, Lin LY, Li CT, Chu TC, Sun SS, Lin JT, Ho KC. Recent progress in organic sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16493h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on recent progress of metal-free sensitizers and on panchromatic engineering of co-sensitization in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Pei Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Ryan Yeh-Yung Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Lu-Yin Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 10608
- Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | | | - Jiann T. Lin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
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