4,5-Dicyanoimidazole-promoted synthesis of dinucleoside polyphosphates and their analogs

Synthetic Strategies for Dinucleotides Synthesis

Dinucleoside 5′,5′-polyphosphates (DNPs) are endogenous substances that play important intra- and extracellular roles in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, regulation of enzymes, neurotransmission, platelet disaggregation and modulation of vascular tone. Various methodologies have been developed over the past fifty years to access these compounds, involving enzymatic processes or chemical procedures based either on P(III) or P(V) chemistry. Both solution-phase and solid-support strategies have been developed and are reported here. Recently, green chemistry approaches have emerged, offering attracting alternatives. This review outlines the main synthetic pathways for the preparation of dinucleoside 5′,5′-polyphosphates, focusing on pharmacologically relevant compounds, and highlighting recent advances.

Straightforward Ball-Milling Access to Dinucleoside 5',5'-Polyphosphates via Phosphorimidazolide Intermediates

A solvent-assisted mechanochemical approach to access symmetrical and mixed dinucleoside 5,5'-polyphosphates is reported. Under ball-milling conditions, nucleoside 5'-monophosphates were quantitatively activated using 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole, forming their phosphorimidazolide derivatives. The addition of a nucleoside 5'-mono-, di- or triphosphate directly led to the formation of the corresponding dinucleotides. Benefits of the reported one-pot method include the use of unprotected nucleotides in their sodium or acid form, activation by the eco-friendly 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole, non-dry conditions, short reaction time, high conversion rates, and easy setup and purification. This work offers new perspectives for the synthesis of nucleotide conjugates and analogues, combining the phosphorimidazolide approach and milling conditions.

Recent Trends in Nucleotide Synthesis

Focusing on the recent literature (since 2000), this review outlines the main synthetic approaches for the preparation of 5'-mono-, 5'-di-, and 5'-triphosphorylated nucleosides, also known as nucleotides, as well as several derivatives, namely, cyclic nucleotides and dinucleotides, dinucleoside 5',5'-polyphosphates, sugar nucleotides, and nucleolipids. Endogenous nucleotides and their analogues can be obtained enzymatically, which is often restricted to natural substrates, or chemically. In chemical synthesis, protected or unprotected nucleosides can be used as the starting material, depending on the nature of the reagents selected from P(III) or P(V) species. Both solution-phase and solid-support syntheses have been developed and are reported here. Although a considerable amount of research has been conducted in this field, further work is required because chemists are still faced with the challenge of developing a universal methodology that is compatible with a large variety of nucleoside analogues.

How To Form a Phosphate Anhydride Linkage in Nucleotide Derivatives

The fundamental roles of nucleoside triphosphates and nucleotide cofactors such as NAD(+) in biochemistry are well known. In recent decades, continuing research has revealed the key role of 5'-capped RNA and 5',5'-dinucleoside polyphosphates in the regulation of vitally important physiological processes. Last but not least, the commercial potential of nucleoside triphosphate synthesis can hardly be overestimated. Nevertheless, despite decades of investigation and the obvious topicality of the research on the chemical synthesis of the nucleotide compounds containing phosphate anhydride linkages, none of the existing procedures can be considered an up-to-date "gold standard". However, there are a number of fruitful synthetic approaches to forming phosphate anhydride linkages in satisfactory yield. These are summarized in this concise review, organized by the type of active phosphorous intermediate and reagents used.

A review on the chemical synthesis of pyrophosphate bonds in bioactive nucleoside diphosphate analogs

Currently, there is an ongoing interest in the synthesis of nucleoside diphosphate analogs as important regulators in catabolism/anabolism, and their potential applications as mechanistic probes and chemical tools for bioassays. However, the pyrophosphate bond formation step remains as the bottleneck. In this Digest, the chemical synthesis of the pyrophosphate bonds of representative bioactive nucleoside diphosphate analogs, i.e. phosphorus-modified analogs, nucleoside cyclic diphosphates, and nucleoside diphosphate conjugates, will be described.

Synthesis of Dinucleoside Triphosphates with Pyrimidine Bases

A facile and efficient method for the synthesis of dinucleoside triphosphates with pyrimidine bases (Up3U, Cp3C, and Up3C) from the corresponding nucleoside 5′-phosphoropiperidates has been developed. The experimental results indicated that the employment of 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (DCI) as the activator could notably promote the coupling reaction.

Efficient synthesis of 5-hydroxymethyl-, 5-formyl-, and 5-carboxyl-2′-deoxycytidine and their triphosphates

Efficient strategies for the preparation of high-quality 5-hydroxymethyl-, 5-formyl-, and 5-carboxyl-2′-deoxycytidine triphosphates and their parent nucleosides have been developed.