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Pesonen M, Vähäkangas K. Autophagy in exposure to environmental chemicals. Toxicol Lett 2019; 305:1-9. [PMID: 30664929 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway, which breaks down old and damaged cytoplasmic material into basic biomolecules through lysosome-mediated digestion thereby recycling cellular material. In this way, autophagy prevents the accumulation of damaged cellular components inside cells and reduces metabolic stress and toxicity. The basal level of autophagy is generally low but essential for maintaining the turnover of proteins and other molecules. The level is, however, increased in response to various stress conditions including chemical stress. This elevation in autophagy is intended to restore energy balance and improve cell survival in stress conditions. However, aberrant and/or deficient autophagy may also be involved in the aggravation of chemical-caused insults. Thus, the overall role of autophagy in chemical-induced toxicity is complex and only a limited number of environmental chemicals have been studied from this point of view. Autophagy is associated with many of the chemical-caused cytotoxic mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, oxidative stress, changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, impairment of lysosomal functions, and inflammation. This mini-review describes autophagy and its involvement in the responses to some common environmental exposures including airborne particulate matter, nanoparticles and tobacco smoke as well as to some common single environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Pesonen
- Faculty of Health Science, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kirsi Vähäkangas
- Faculty of Health Science, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Bosc D, Vezenkov L, Bortnik S, An J, Xu J, Choutka C, Hannigan AM, Kovacic S, Loo S, Clark PGK, Chen G, Guay-Ross RN, Yang K, Dragowska WH, Zhang F, Go NE, Leung A, Honson NS, Pfeifer TA, Gleave M, Bally M, Jones SJ, Gorski SM, Young RN. A new quinoline-based chemical probe inhibits the autophagy-related cysteine protease ATG4B. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11653. [PMID: 30076329 PMCID: PMC6076261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease ATG4B is a key component of the autophagy machinery, acting to proteolytically prime and recycle its substrate MAP1LC3B. The roles of ATG4B in cancer and other diseases appear to be context dependent but are still not well understood. To help further explore ATG4B functions and potential therapeutic applications, we employed a chemical biology approach to identify ATG4B inhibitors. Here, we describe the discovery of 4-28, a styrylquinoline identified by a combined computational modeling, in silico screening, high content cell-based screening and biochemical assay approach. A structure-activity relationship study led to the development of a more stable and potent compound LV-320. We demonstrated that LV-320 inhibits ATG4B enzymatic activity, blocks autophagic flux in cells, and is stable, non-toxic and active in vivo. These findings suggest that LV-320 will serve as a relevant chemical tool to study the various roles of ATG4B in cancer and other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bosc
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 Drugs & Molecules for Living Systems, Université de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - L Vezenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - S Bortnik
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J An
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - J Xu
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - C Choutka
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - A M Hannigan
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - S Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - S Loo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - P G K Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - G Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - R N Guay-Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - K Yang
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - W H Dragowska
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - F Zhang
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - N E Go
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - A Leung
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - N S Honson
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, 2405 Wesbrook Mall - 4th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - T A Pfeifer
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, 2405 Wesbrook Mall - 4th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - M Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - M Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - S J Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - S M Gorski
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada.
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - R N Young
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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4
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He S, Li Q, Jiang X, Lu X, Feng F, Qu W, Chen Y, Sun H. Design of Small Molecule Autophagy Modulators: A Promising Druggable Strategy. J Med Chem 2017; 61:4656-4687. [PMID: 29211480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent mechanism of intracellular degradation for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of autophagy has been verified to be closely linked to a number of human diseases. Consequently, targeting autophagy has been highlighted as a novel therapeutic strategy for clinical utility. Mounting efforts have been done in recent years to elucidate the mechanisms of autophagy regulation and to identify potential modulators of autophagy. However, most of the compounds target complex and multifaceted pathway and proteins, which may limit the evaluation of therapeutic value and in depth studies as chemical tools. Therefore, the development of specific and active autophagy modulators becomes most desirable. Here, we briefly review the regulation of autophagy and then summarize the recent development of small molecules targeting the core autophagic machinery. Finally, we put forward our viewpoints on the current problems, with the aim to provide reference for future drug discovery and potential therapeutic perspectives on novel, potent, selective autophagy modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Feng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Wei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , 210023 , China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
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