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Allen LAT, Natho P. Trends in carbazole synthesis - an update (2013-2023). Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8956-8974. [PMID: 37906471 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01605f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The interest of scientists in the carbazole core has risen steadily over the last 30 years, particularly over the last decade given its presence in several active pharmaceutical ingredients, functional materials and a wide range of biologically active natural products. The continuous development of more efficient, more (regio-)selective and "greener" methodologies to access the carbazole core is thus imperative. This review compares and evaluates synthetic strategies towards the carbazole core that have been reported since 2013, with a focus on their applicability towards the total synthesis of carbazole-containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A T Allen
- CheMastery, Paper Yard, 11a Quebec Way, London, SE16 7LG, UK
| | - Philipp Natho
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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You Y, Kanna W, Takano H, Hayashi H, Maeda S, Mita T. Electrochemical Dearomative Dicarboxylation of Heterocycles with Highly Negative Reduction Potentials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3685-3695. [PMID: 35189683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dearomative dicarboxylation of stable heteroaromatics using CO2 is highly challenging but represents a very powerful method for producing synthetically useful dicarboxylic acids, which can potentially be employed as intermediates of biologically active molecules such as natural products and drug leads. However, these types of transformations are still underdeveloped, and concise methodologies with high efficiency (e.g., high yield and high selectivity for dicarboxylations) have not been reported. We herein describe a new electrochemical protocol using the CO2 radical anion (E1/2 of CO2 = -2.2 V in DMF and -2.3 V in CH3CN vs SCE) that produces unprecedented trans-oriented 2,3-dicarboxylic acids from N-Ac-, Boc-, and Ph-protected indoles that exhibit highly negative reduction potentials (-2.50 to -2.94 V). On the basis of the calculated reduction potentials, N-protected indoles with reduction potentials up to -3 V smoothly undergo the desired dicarboxylation. Other heteroaromatics, including benzofuran, benzothiophene, electron-deficient furans, thiophenes, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, and N-Boc-pyrazole, also exhibit reduction potentials more positive than -3 V and served as effective substrates for such dicarboxylations. The dicarboxylated products thus obtained can be derivatized into useful synthetic intermediates for biologically active compounds in few steps. We also show how the dearomative monocarboxylation can be achieved selectively by choice of the electrolyte, solvent, and protic additive; this strategy was then applied to the synthesis of an octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid (Oic) derivative, which is a useful proline analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong You
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Wataru Kanna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takano
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.,Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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Wang Y, Li J, Han X, Wang N, Song C, Wang R, Chang J. Identification of Clausine E as an inhibitor of fat mass and obesity‐associated protein (FTO) demethylase activity. J Mol Recognit 2019; 32:e2800. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Junya Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Xinxin Han
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Chuanjun Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Ruiyong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal University Xinxiang China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Yeop Kim
- Center for New Directions
in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Center for New Directions
in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Tae-Hong Jeon
- Center for New Directions
in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Woo-Hyung Kim
- Center for New Directions
in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Cheon-Gyu Cho
- Center for New Directions
in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Higuchi Y, Mita T, Sato Y. Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Arylative Carboxylation of Allenes with CO2 for the Construction of 3-Substituted Indole-2-carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2017; 19:2710-2713. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Higuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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