1
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Dashti Y, Errington J. Chemistry and biology of specialized metabolites produced by Actinomadura. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:370-401. [PMID: 38099919 PMCID: PMC10951976 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2022In recent years rare Actinobacteria have become increasingly recognised as a rich source of novel bioactive metabolites. Actinomadura are Gram-positive bacteria that occupy a wide range of ecological niches. This review highlights about 230 secondary metabolites produced by Actinomadura spp., reported until the end of 2022, including their bioactivities and selected biosynthetic pathways. Notably, the bioactive compounds produced by Actinomadura spp. demonstrate a wide range of activities, including antimicrobial, antitumor and anticoccidial effects, highlighting their potential in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Dashti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2015, Australia.
| | - Jeff Errington
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2015, Australia.
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2
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Kong L, Deng Z, You D. Chemistry and biosynthesis of bacterial polycyclic xanthone natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2057-2095. [PMID: 36083257 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2021Bacterial polycyclic xanthone natural products (BPXNPs) are a growing family of natural xanthones featuring a pentangular architecture with various modifications to the tricyclic xanthone chromophore. Their structural diversities and various activities have fueled biosynthetic and chemical synthetic studies. Moreover, their more potent activities than the clinically used drugs make them potential candidates for the treatment of diseases. Future unraveling of structure activity relationships (SARs) will provide new options for the (bio)-synthesis of drug analogues with higher activities. This review summarizes the isolation, structural elucidation and biological activities and more importantly, the recent strategies for the microbial biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of BPXNPs. Regarding their biosynthesis, we discuss the recent progress in enzymes that synthesize tricyclic xanthone, the protein candidates for structural moieties (methylene dioxygen bridge and nitrogen heterocycle), tailoring enzymes for methylation and halogenation. The chemical synthesis part summarizes the recent methodology for the division synthesis and coupling construction of achiral molecular skeletons. Ultimately, perspectives on the biosynthetic study of BPXNPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Delin You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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3
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Bennett RM, Sun W, Wilson DC, Light ME, Harrowven DC. A new mode of cyclobutenedione ring opening for the synthesis of 2-oxobut-3-enamides and tetrasubstituted furans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5694-5697. [PMID: 33982046 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dichotomy between the additions of organolithiums and lithium amides to cyclobutenediones is described wherein the former give carbonyl addition products while the latter induce ring opening by enone cleavage via O- to C-lithium transfer. This distinct mode of ring scission gives access to 2-oxobut-3-enamides and tetrasubstituted furans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bennett
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Dharyl C Wilson
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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4
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Chen K, Xie T, Shen Y, He H, Zhao X, Gao S. Calixanthomycin A: Asymmetric Total Synthesis and Structural Determination. Org Lett 2021; 23:1769-1774. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuanwei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yanfang Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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5
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Zhu JL, Tsai YT. Rhodium-Catalyzed Aerobic Decomposition of 1,3-Diaryl-2-diazo-1,3-diketones: Mechanistic Investigation and Application to the Synthesis of Benzils. J Org Chem 2021; 86:813-828. [PMID: 33395740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of 1,3-diaryl-2-diazo-1,3-diketones to 1,2-daryl-1,2-diketones (benzils) is reported based on a rhodium(II)-catalyzed aerobic decomposition process. The reaction occurs at ambient temperatures and can be catalyzed by a few dirhodium carboxylates (5 mol %) under a balloon pressure of oxygen. Moreover, an oxygen atom from the O2 reagent is shown to be incorporated into the product, and this is accompanied by the extrusion of a carbonyl unit from the starting materials. Mechanistically, it is proposed that the decomposition may proceed via the interaction of a ketene intermediate resulting from a Wolff rearrangement of the carbenoid, with a rhodium peroxide or peroxy radical species generated upon the activation of molecular oxygen. The proposed mechanism has been supported by the results from a set of controlled experiments. By using this newly developed strategy, a large array of benzil derivatives as well as 9,10-phenanthrenequinone were synthesized from the corresponding diazo substrates in varying yields. On the other hand, the method did not allow the generation of benzocyclobutene-1,2-dione from 2-diazo-1,3-indandione because of the difficulty of inducing the initial rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, ROC
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6
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Cotos L, Donzel M, Elhabiri M, Davioud‐Charvet E. A Mild and Versatile Friedel–Crafts Methodology for the Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Redox‐Active 3‐Benzoylmenadiones with Tunable Redox Potentials. Chemistry 2020; 26:3314-3325. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Cotos
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA)UMR7042 CNRS-Unistra-UHAEuropean School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM) 25, rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Maxime Donzel
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA)UMR7042 CNRS-Unistra-UHAEuropean School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM) 25, rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA)UMR7042 CNRS-Unistra-UHAEuropean School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM) 25, rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Elisabeth Davioud‐Charvet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA)UMR7042 CNRS-Unistra-UHAEuropean School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM) 25, rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
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7
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Xie T, Zheng C, Chen K, He H, Gao S. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of the Complex Polycyclic Xanthone FD‐594. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Chaoying Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Kuanwei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug DevelopmentEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug DevelopmentEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
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8
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Xie T, Zheng C, Chen K, He H, Gao S. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of the Complex Polycyclic Xanthone FD‐594. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4360-4364. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Chaoying Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Kuanwei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug DevelopmentEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug DevelopmentEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
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9
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Abstract
The kigamicins are polycyclic aromatic natural products featuring a tetrahydroxanthone and up to four sugar residues. They are toxic to human cancer cells under nutrient-poor conditions. A synthesis of the natural product skeleton has been achieved from chiral pool materials. Key steps include a regioselective hydration of a diarylalkyne and two oxidative cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard , Dallas , Texas 75390-9038 , United States.,School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard , Dallas , Texas 75390-9038 , United States
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10
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Toward the total synthesis of citreamicin η: Synthesis of the pentacyclic core and GAB-ring annelation model studies. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Sun W, Wilson DC, Light ME, Harrowven DC. A Thermally Induced Hydride Transfer from an Amine to an Allene Triggers an Annulation Reaction, Giving Dihydrofuropyridinones. Org Lett 2018; 20:4346-4349. [PMID: 29969277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A thermal rearrangement leading to dihydrofuropyridinones and related polycyclic ring systems from furanones and cyclobutenones is described. A key feature of the reaction is the thermally induced hydride transfer from a 3°-amine to a conjugated allene to trigger cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Dharyl C Wilson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Light
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - David C Harrowven
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
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12
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Riaz MT, Pohorilets I, Hernandez JJ, Rios J, Totah NI. Preparation of 2-(trimethylsilyl)methyl-2-propen-1-ol derivatives by cobalt catalyzed sp2-sp3 coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The synthesis of kibdelone C, a polycyclic natural xanthone isolated from a soil actinomycete, was achieved through a convergent approach. A 6π-electrocyclization was applied to construct the highly substituted dihydrophenanthrenol fragment (B-C-D ring). InBr3-promoted lactonization was employed to build the isocoumarin ring, which served as a common precursor for the formation of isoquinolinone ring (A-B ring). A key DMAP-mediated oxa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction was developed to install the tetrahydroxanthone fragment (E-F ring). This approach provides a new solution to prepare its derivatives and structurally related natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Feixia Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Yanfang Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Tao Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
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14
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Kong L, Zhang W, Chooi YH, Wang L, Cao B, Deng Z, Chu Y, You D. A Multifunctional Monooxygenase XanO4 Catalyzes Xanthone Formation in Xantholipin Biosynthesis via a Cryptic Demethoxylation. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 23:508-16. [PMID: 27105283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Xantholipin and several related polycyclic xanthone antibiotics feature a unique xanthone ring nucleus within a highly oxygenated, angular, fused hexacyclic system. In this study, we demonstrated that a flavin-dependent monooxygenase (FMO) XanO4 catalyzes the oxidative transformation of an anthraquinone to a xanthone system during the biosynthesis of xantholipin. In vitro isotopic labeling experiments showed that the reaction involves sequential insertion of two oxygen atoms, accompanied by an unexpected cryptic demethoxylation reaction. Moreover, characterizations of homologous FMOs of XanO4 suggested the generality of the XanO4-like-mediated reaction for the assembly of a xanthone ring in the biosynthesis of polycyclic xanthone antibiotics. These findings not only expand the repertoire of FMO activities but also reveal a novel mechanism for xanthone ring formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yit Heng Chooi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lu Wang
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Bo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Delin You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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15
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Abstract
Diverse structural types of natural products and their mimics have served as targets of opportunity in our laboratory to inspire the discovery and development of new methods and strategies to assemble polyfunctional and polycyclic molecular architectures. Furthermore, our efforts toward identifying novel compounds having useful biological properties led to the creation of new targets, many of which posed synthetic challenges that required the invention of new methodology. In this Perspective, selected examples of how we have exploited a diverse range of natural products and their mimics to create, explore, and solve a variety of problems in chemistry and biology will be discussed. The journey was not without its twists and turns, but the unexpected often led to new revelations and insights. Indeed, in our recent excursion into applications of synthetic organic chemistry to neuroscience, avoiding the more-traveled paths was richly rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Martin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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16
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Abstract
The citreamicins comprise a novel class of polycyclic xanthone natural products that have not yet yielded to total synthesis. A concise 11-step synthesis of the pentacyclic core of citreamicin η is now reported that features the use of a general approach for the synthesis of 1,4-dioxygenated xanthones. The synthesis also showcases improved techniques for effecting regioselective bromination of certain substituted phenols and coupling of acetylides with hindered ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Blumberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Stephen F Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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17
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2015. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Rujirawanich J, Kim S, Ma AJ, Butler JR, Wang Y, Wang C, Rosen M, Posner B, Nijhawan D, Ready JM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Kibdelone C and Its Simplified Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10561-70. [PMID: 27459345 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poylcyclic tetrahydroxanthones comprise a large class of cytototoxic natural products. No mechanism of action has been described for any member of the family. We report the synthesis of kibdelone C and several simplified analogs. Both enantiomers of kibdeleone C show low nanomolar cytotoxicity toward multiple human cancer cell lines. Moreover, several simplified derivatives with improved chemical stability display higher activity than the natural product itself. In vitro studies rule out interaction with DNA or inhibition of topoisomerase, both of which are common modes of action for polycyclic aromatic compounds. However, celluar studies reveal that kibdelone C and its simplified derivatives disrupt the actin cytoseketon without directly binding actin or affecting its polymerization in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janjira Rujirawanich
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Ai-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - John R Butler
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Yizhong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Michael Rosen
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Bruce Posner
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Deepak Nijhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
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