1
|
Friedel-Crafts-Type Acylation and Amidation Reactions in Strong Brønsted Acid: Taming Superelectrophiles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185984. [PMID: 36144714 PMCID: PMC9503166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss Friedel-Crafts-type aromatic amidation and acylation reactions, not exhaustively, but mainly based on our research results. The electrophilic species involved are isocyanate cation and acylium cation, respectively, and both have a common +C=O structure, which can be generated from carboxylic acid functionalities in a strong Brønsted acid. Carbamates substituted with methyl salicylate can be easily ionized to the isocyanate cation upon (di)protonation of the salicylate. Carboxylic acids can be used directly as a source of acylium cations. However, aminocarboxylic acids are inert in acidic media because two positively charged sites, ammonium and acylium cation, will be generated, resulting in energetically unfavorable charge-charge repulsion. Nevertheless, the aromatic acylation of aminocarboxylic acids can be achieved by using tailored phosphoric acid esters as Lewis bases to abrogate the charge-charge repulsion. Both examples tame the superelectrophilic character.
Collapse
|
2
|
Benzi A, Bianchi L, Giorgi G, Maccagno M, Petrillo G, Spinelli D, Tavani C. An Easy Access to Furan-Fused Polyheterocyclic Systems. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103147. [PMID: 35630623 PMCID: PMC9143548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrostilbenes characterized by two different or differently substituted aryl moieties can be obtained from the initial ring-opening of 3-nitrobenzo[b]thiophene with amines. Such versatile building blocks couple the well-recognized double electrophilic reactivity of the nitrovinyl moiety (addition to the double bond, followed by, e.g., intramolecular replacement of the nitro group) with the possibility to exploit a conjugated system of double bonds within an electrocyclization process. Herein, nitrostilbenes are reacted with different aromatic enols provided by a double (carbon and oxygen) nucleophilicity, leading to novel, interesting naphthodihydrofurans. From these, as a viable application, aromatization and electrocyclization lead in turn to valuable polycondensed, fully aromatic O-heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Benzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (A.B.); (L.B.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Lara Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (A.B.); (L.B.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Massimo Maccagno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (A.B.); (L.B.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Giovanni Petrillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (A.B.); (L.B.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Domenico Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Tavani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (A.B.); (L.B.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Banerjee A, Kundu S, Bhattacharyya A, Sahu S, Maji MS. Benzannulation strategies for the synthesis of carbazoles, indolocarbazoles, benzocarbazoles, and carbolines. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a critical and authoritative analysis of several exciting benzannulation approaches developed in the past decade for the construction of carbazoles, indolocarbazoles, benzocarbazoles, and carbolines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Samrat Kundu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Arya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Samrat Sahu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Petrillo G, Benzi A, Bianchi L, Maccagno M, Pagano A, Tavani C, Spinelli D. Recent advances in the use of conjugated nitro or dinitro-1,3-butadienes as building-blocks for the synthesis of heterocycles. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
5
|
Sequential Annulations to Interesting Novel Pyrrolo[3,2- c]carbazoles. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203802. [PMID: 31652581 PMCID: PMC6832463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a significant, valuable extension of a recently implemented pyrrole benzannulation methodology that, employing versatile nitrodienes from our lab as useful C4 building blocks, led to indole derivatives characterized by unusual patterns of substitution. The 6-nitro-7-arylindoles resulting from suitably derivatized, non-symmetric dienes are of foreseeable synthetic interest in search for new polyheterocyclic systems. As an example, pyrrolocarbazoles with a rarely reported ring fusion were synthesized with the classical Cadogan protocol. Furthermore, the proven easy reducibility of the nitro group to amine will surely open the way to further interesting elaborations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pagano A, Mancinelli M, Bianchi L, Giorgi G, Maccagno M, Petrillo G, Tavani C. Nitrobutadienes as powerful benzannulating agents: An unprecedented easy access to rare nitroindoles. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
7
|
Aggarwal T, Sushmita S, Verma AK. Recent advances in the synthesis of carbazoles from indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8330-8342. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of carbazoles using indoles as precursors through CH activation/annulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trapti Aggarwal
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Sushmita Sushmita
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Akhilesh K. Verma
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tavani C, Bianchi L, Giorgi G, Maccagno M, Petrillo G. Densely Functionalized 2-Methylideneazetidines from Nitrodienic Building Blocks. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Tavani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Genova; Via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genova Italy
| | - Lara Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Genova; Via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genova Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Siena; Via A. Moro 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Massimo Maccagno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Genova; Via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genova Italy
| | - Giovanni Petrillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Genova; Via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genova Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of S-Substituted Perhalo-2-nitrobuta-1,3-dienes as Novel Xanthine Oxidase, Tyrosinase, Elastase, and Neuraminidase Inhibitors. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/4386031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
S-substituted perhalo-2-nitrobuta-1,3-dienes 3a, b were synthesized by the reaction of polyhalo-2-nitrobuta-1,3-dienes 1a, b with allyl mercaptan. 1-(2,3-Dibromopropanethio)-4-bromo-1,3,4-trichloro-2-nitrobuta-1,3-diene 4 was obtained from the addition of bromine to S-substituted polyhalo-2-nitrobuta-1,3-diene 3b in carbon tetrachloride. Sulfoxides 5a, b, and 6 were obtained from the reaction of thiosubstituted polyhalonitrobutadienes 3a, b, and 4 with m-CPBA in CHCl3. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic data (FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS). These compounds exhibited antixanthine oxidase, antityrosinase, antielastase, and antineuraminidase activities.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bianchi L, Giorgi G, Maccagno M, Petrillo G, Scapolla C, Tavani C. On the behavior of bis(sulfonyl)nitrobutadienes towards primary amines: a convenient access to 1-alkyl-2-aryl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrroles. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
11
|
Sumita A, Otani Y, Ohwada T. Tandem buildup of complexity of aromatic molecules through multiple successive electrophile generation in one pot, controlled by varying the reaction temperature. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1680-93. [PMID: 26699842 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
While some sequential electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, known as tandem/domino/cascade reactions, have been reported for the construction of aromatic single skeletons, one of the most interesting and challenging possibilities remains the one-pot build-up of a complex aromatic molecule from multiple starting components, i.e., ultimately multi-component electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. In this work, we show how tuning of the leaving group ability of phenolate derivatives from carbamates and esters provides a way to successively generate multiple unmasked electrophiles in a controlled manner in one pot, simply by varying the temperature. Here, we demonstrate the autonomous formation of up to three bonds in one pot and formation of two bonds arising from a three-component electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. This result provides a proof-of-concept of our strategy applicable for the self-directed construction of complex aromatic structures from multiple simple molecules, which can be a potential avenue to realize multi-component electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinari Sumita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yuko Otani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bianchi L, Carloni-Garaventa A, Maccagno M, Pani M, Petrillo G, Scapolla C, Tavani C. Synthesis of poly-functionalized pyrazoles and pyridazines from nitrobutadienes: an interesting dichotomy of practical relevance. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|