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Hassan F, Tang Y, Bisoyi HK, Li Q. Photochromic Carbon Nanomaterials: An Emerging Class of Light-Driven Hybrid Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401912. [PMID: 38847224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Photochromic molecules have remarkable potential in memory and optical devices, as well as in driving and manipulating molecular motors or actuators and many other systems using light. When photochromic molecules are introduced into carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), the resulting hybrids provide unique advantages and create new functions that can be employed in specific applications and devices. This review highlights the recent developments in diverse photochromic CNMs. Photochromic molecules and CNMs are also introduced. The fundamentals of different photochromic CNMs are discussed, including design principles and the types of interactions between CNMs and photochromic molecules via covalent interactions and non-covalent bonding such as π-π stacking, amphiphilic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding. Then the properties of photochromic CNMs, e.g., in photopatterning, fluorescence modulation, actuation, and photoinduced surface-relief gratings, and their applications in energy storage (solar thermal fuels, photothermal batteries, and supercapacitors), nanoelectronics (transistors, molecular junctions, photo-switchable conductance, and photoinduced electron transfer), sensors, and bioimaging are highlighted. Finally, an outlook on the challenges and opportunities in the future of photochromic CNMs is presented. This review discusses a vibrant interdisciplinary research field and is expected to stimulate further developments in nanoscience, advanced nanotechnology, intelligently responsive materials, and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathy Hassan
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, El-Gharbia, Egypt
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, China
| | - Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, China
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Kozlenko AS, Ozhogin IV, Pugachev AD, Lukyanova MB, El-Sewify IM, Lukyanov BS. A Modern Look at Spiropyrans: From Single Molecules to Smart Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:8. [PMID: 36624333 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic compounds of the spiropyran family have two main isomers capable of inter-switching with UV or visible light. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in the synthesis, investigation of properties, and applications of spiropyran derivatives. Spiropyrans of the indoline series are in focus as the most promising representatives of multi-sensitive spirocyclic compounds, which can be switched by a number of external stimuli, including light, temperature, pH, presence of metal ions, and mechanical stress. Particular attention is paid to the structural features of molecules, their influence on photochromic properties, and the reactions taking place during isomerization, as the understanding of the structure-property relationships will rationalize the synthesis of compounds with predetermined characteristics. The main prospects for applications of spiropyrans in such fields as smart material production, molecular electronics and nanomachinery, sensing of environmental and biological molecules, and photopharmacology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Kozlenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Ozhogin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Artem D Pugachev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Maria B Lukyanova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Islam M El-Sewify
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Boris S Lukyanov
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
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Fagan A, Bartkowski M, Giordani S. Spiropyran-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Front Chem 2021; 9:720087. [PMID: 34395385 PMCID: PMC8358077 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.720087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers are rapidly growing in popularity in the field of drug delivery. The ability of nanocarriers to encapsulate and distribute poorly soluble drugs while minimising their undesired effects is significantly advantageous over traditional drug delivery. Nanocarriers can also be decorated with imaging moieties and targeting agents, further incrementing their functionality. Of recent interest as potential nanocarriers are spiropyrans; a family of photochromic molecular switches. Due to their multi-responsiveness to endo- and exogenous stimuli, and their intrinsic biocompatibility, they have been utilised in various drug delivery systems (DDSs) to date. In this review, we provide an overview of the developments in spiropyran-based DDSs. The benefits and drawbacks of utilising spiropyrans in drug delivery are assessed and an outline of spiropyran-based drug delivery systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland
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An Overview of Functionalized Graphene Nanomaterials for Advanced Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071717. [PMID: 34209928 PMCID: PMC8308136 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the development of graphene-based materials for advanced applications is growing, because of the unique features of such nanomaterials and, above all, of their outstanding versatility, which enables several functionalization pathways that lead to materials with extremely tunable properties and architectures. This review is focused on the careful examination of relationships between synthetic approaches currently used to derivatize graphene, main properties achieved, and target applications proposed. Use of functionalized graphene nanomaterials in six engineering areas (materials with enhanced mechanical and thermal performance, energy, sensors, biomedical, water treatment, and catalysis) was critically reviewed, pointing out the latest advances and potential challenges associated with the application of such materials, with a major focus on the effect that the physicochemical features imparted by functionalization routes exert on the achievement of ultimate properties capable of satisfying or even improving the current demand in each field. Finally, current limitations in terms of basic scientific knowledge and nanotechnology were highlighted, along with the potential future directions towards the full exploitation of such fascinating nanomaterials.
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Thodkar K, Cazade PA, Bergmann F, Lopez-Calle E, Thompson D, Heindl D. Self-Assembled Pyrene Stacks and Peptide Monolayers Tune the Electronic Properties of Functionalized Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:9134-9142. [PMID: 33573369 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic molecules such as pyrenes are a unique class of building units for graphene functionalization, forming highly ordered π-π stacks while peptides provide more complex, biocompatible linkers. Understanding the adsorption and stacking behavior of these molecules and their influence on material properties is an essential step in enabling highly repeatable 2D material-based applications, such as biosensors, gas sensors, and solar cells. In this work, we characterize pyrene and peptide self-assembly on graphene substrates using fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy and electrolyte-gated field-effect measurements supported by quantum mechanical calculations. We find distinct binding and assembly modes for pyrenes versus peptides with corresponding distinct electronic signatures in their characteristic charge neutrality point and field-effect slope responses. Our data demonstrates that pyrene- and peptide-based self-assembly platforms can be highly beneficial for precisely customizing graphene electronic properties for desired device technologies such as transport-based biosensing graphene field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Thodkar
- BioMed X Institute, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre-Andre Cazade
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Dieter Heindl
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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6
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Swinson H, Perry A. Three-component spiropyran synthesis via tandem alkylation-condensation. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Volland M, Lennert A, Roth A, Ince M, Torres T, Guldi DM. Azulenocyanines immobilized on graphene; on the way to panchromatic absorption and efficient DSSC blocking layers. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10709-10715. [PMID: 31140533 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02300c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel electron donor-acceptor hybrid consisting of a NIR absorbing azulenocyanine as an electron donor and few-layer graphene as an electron acceptor was prepared. The extended aromatic core of azulenocyanine (1) assists in the exfoliation of graphite and allows the formation of a very high-quality few-layer graphene azulenocyanine hybrid system (2). The formation of a stable azulenocyanine/graphene hybrid was verified by means of an arsenal of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Notable is the fact that the absorption spectrum recorded for 1 and likewise that for 2 covers large portions of the solar spectrum, that is, from the UV through the visible to the NIR region. In light of the latter, we incorporated 1 as well as 2 as a photosensitizer in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and probed their light harvesting. Besides an increase in the photovoltaic conversion efficiency we focused on the stability of DSSCs by preventing charge recombination between FTO and the liquid electrolyte. We used 2 as a blocking layer and in comparison with a TiCl4 pretreated blocking layer a superior conversion efficiency was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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A New Spiropyran-Based Sensor for Colorimetric and Fluorescent Detection of Divalent Cu2+ and Hg2+ Ions and Trivalent Ce3+, Cr3+ and Al3+ Ions. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:569-575. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Tuktarov AR, Khuzin AA, Dzhemilev UM. Acid-base isomerization of hybrid molecules based on fullerene C60 and spiropyrans. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Perry A, Davis K, West L. Synthesis of stereochemically-biased spiropyrans by microwave-promoted, one-pot alkylation-condensation. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7245-7254. [PMID: 30259039 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01996g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A microwave-assisted, two-step, one-pot synthesis of spiropyrans has been developed. This process was used to synthesise a range of sterically-congested spiropyrans from readily available precursors, employing environmentally benign solvents. The unusual substituent pattern possessed by these structures has been shown to influence the stereoselectivity of spiropyran ring-closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Perry
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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Cardano F, Frasconi M, Giordani S. Photo-Responsive Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes to Control and Tackle Biological Systems. Front Chem 2018; 6:102. [PMID: 29707534 PMCID: PMC5906592 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-responsive multifunctional nanomaterials are receiving considerable attention for biological applications because of their unique properties. The functionalization of the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, among other carbon based nanomaterials, with molecular switches that exhibit reversible transformations between two or more isomers in response to different kind of external stimuli, such as electromagnetic radiation, temperature and pH, has allowed the control of the optical and electrical properties of the nanomaterial. Light-controlled molecular switches, such as azobenzene and spiropyran, have attracted a lot of attention for nanomaterial's functionalization because of the remote modulation of their physicochemical properties using light stimulus. The enhanced properties of the hybrid materials obtained from the coupling of carbon based nanomaterials with light-responsive switches has enabled the fabrication of smart devices for various biological applications, including drug delivery, bioimaging and nanobiosensors. In this review, we highlight the properties of photo-responsive carbon nanomaterials obtained by the conjugation of CNTs and graphene with azobenzenes and spiropyrans molecules to investigate biological systems, devising possible future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cardano
- Nano Carbon Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordani
- Nano Carbon Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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12
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Bhuvaneswari R, Nagarajan V, Chandiramouli R. First-principles investigation on switching properties of spiropyran and merocyanine grafted graphyne nanotube device. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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A turn-on spiropyran derivative based reversible photo-driven colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor for trivalent metal ions. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Tuning Sensory Properties of Triazole-Conjugated Spiropyrans: Metal-Ion Selectivity and Paper-Based Colorimetric Detection of Cyanide. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081816. [PMID: 28783127 PMCID: PMC5579521 DOI: 10.3390/s17081816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the sensing properties of spiropyrans (SPs), which are one of the photochromic molecules useful for colorimetric sensing, is important for efficient analysis, but their synthetic modification is not always simple. Herein, we introduce an alkyne-functionalized SP, the modification of which would be easily achieved via Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition ("click reaction"). The alkyne-SP was conjugated with a bis(triethylene glycol)-benzyl group (EG-BtSP) or a simple benzyl group (BtSP), forming a triazole linkage from the click reaction. The effects of auxiliary groups to SP were tested on metal-ion sensing and cyanide detection. We found that EG-BtSP was more Ca2+-sensitive than BtSP in acetonitrile, which were thoroughly examined by a continuous variation method (Job plot) and UV-VIS titrations, followed by non-linear regression analysis. Although both SPs showed similar, selective responses to cyanide in a water/acetonitrile co-solvent, only EG-BtSP showed a dramatic color change when fabricated on paper, highlighting the important contributions of the auxiliary groups.
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16
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Zhang X, Hou L, Samorì P. Coupling carbon nanomaterials with photochromic molecules for the generation of optically responsive materials. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11118. [PMID: 27067387 PMCID: PMC4832057 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional carbon-based nanomaterials offer routes towards the realization of smart and high-performing (opto)electronic (nano)devices, sensors and logic gates. Meanwhile photochromic molecules exhibit reversible transformation between two forms, induced by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. By combining carbon-based nanomaterials with photochromic molecules, one can achieve reversible changes in geometrical structure, electronic properties and nanoscale mechanics triggering by light. This thus enables a reversible modulation of numerous physical and chemical properties of the carbon-based nanomaterials towards the fabrication of cognitive devices. This review examines the state of the art with respect to these responsive materials, and seeks to identify future directions for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Lili Hou
- ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg 67000, France
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Tuktarov AR, Khuzin AA, Tulyabaev AR, Venidictova OV, Valova TM, Barachevsky VA, Khalilov LM, Dzhemilev UM. Synthesis, structure and photochromic properties of hybrid molecules based on fullerene C60 and spiropyrans. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18073f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to fullerene C60 was utilized to perform the synthesis of spiropyran-containing photochromic pyrrolidinofullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Tuktarov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Russian Federation
| | - A. A. Khuzin
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Russian Federation
| | - A. R. Tulyabaev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Russian Federation
| | | | - T. M. Valova
- Photochemistry Centre
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Russian Federation
| | | | - L. M. Khalilov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Russian Federation
| | - U. M. Dzhemilev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Russian Federation
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18
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Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube and Applications. FUNCTIONALIZING GRAPHENE AND CARBON NANOTUBES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-35110-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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