1
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Yue L, Ai Y, Liu G, Ding H, Pu S. A dual-response NIR fluorescent probe for separately and continuously recognizing H 2S and Cys with different fluorescence signals and its applications. Analyst 2023; 148:4829-4836. [PMID: 37622291 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Given the significant interactions between hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and cysteine (Cys) in organisms, a dual-site multi-purpose fluorescent probe (Cy-NP) for H2S and Cys was synthesized. Cy-NP is composed of two fluorophores: naphthalimide that emits in the visible region of 500-600 nm, and cyanine dye that emits in the NIR region of 700-800 nm. Cy-NP showed admirable sensitivity and selectivity for identifying H2S and Cys by fluorescent signals with limits of detection as low as 0.15 μM and 1.4 μM, respectively. Furthermore, other biological thiols (especially GSH and Hcy) showed no positive response to Cy-NP compared with H2S and Cys. The chemical mechanism of Cy-NP with H2S and Cys in DMF/PBS (1/1, v/v, pH = 7.4) solution was verified by HRMS and DFT calculations. Further, Cy-NP was successfully applied to monitor H2S released in raw meat and adapted to detect H2S and Cys in MCF-7 cells independently and continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Yue
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China.
| | - Yin Ai
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China.
| | - Haichang Ding
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China.
| | - Shouzhi Pu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China.
- Department of Ecology and Environment, Yuzhang Normal University, Nanchang 330103, P. R. China
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2
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Peptidic Inhibitors and a Fluorescent Probe for the Selective Inhibition and Labelling of Factor XIIIa Transglutaminase. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041634. [PMID: 36838622 PMCID: PMC9960274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) is a transglutaminase of major therapeutic interest for the development of anticoagulants due to its essential role in the blood coagulation cascade. While numerous FXIIIa inhibitors have been reported, they failed to reach clinical evaluation due to their lack of metabolic stability and low selectivity over transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Furthermore, the chemical tools available for the study of FXIIIa activity and localization are extremely limited. To combat these shortcomings, we designed, synthesised, and evaluated a library of 21 novel FXIIIa inhibitors. Electrophilic warheads, linker lengths, and hydrophobic units were varied on small molecule and peptidic scaffolds to optimize isozyme selectivity and potency. A previously reported FXIIIa inhibitor was then adapted for the design of a probe bearing a rhodamine B moiety, producing the innovative KM93 as the first known fluorescent probe designed to selectively label active FXIIIa with high efficiency (kinact/KI = 127,300 M-1 min-1) and 6.5-fold selectivity over TG2. The probe KM93 facilitated fluorescent microscopy studies within bone marrow macrophages, labelling FXIIIa with high efficiency and selectivity in cell culture. The structure-activity trends with these novel inhibitors and probes will help in the future study of the activity, inhibition, and localization of FXIIIa.
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3
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Rangaswamy AMM, Navals P, Gates EWJ, Shad S, Watt SKI, Keillor JW. Structure-activity relationships of hydrophobic alkyl acrylamides as tissue transglutaminase inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:413-428. [PMID: 35647547 PMCID: PMC9020614 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00382h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that plays biological roles based on its ability to catalyse protein cross-linking and to function as a non-canonical G-protein known as Ghα. The non-regulated activity of TG2 has been implicated in fibrosis, celiac disease and the survival of cancer stem cells, underpinning the therapeutic potential of cell permeable small molecule inhibitors of TG2. In the current study, we designed a small library of inhibitors to explore the importance of a terminal hydrophobic moiety, as well as the length of the tether to the irreversible acrylamide warhead. Subsequent kinetic evaluation using an in vitro activity assay provided values for the k inact and K I parameters for each of these irreversible inhibitors. The resulting structure-activity relationship (SAR) clearly indicated the affinity conferred by dansyl and adamantyl moieties, as well as the efficiency provided by the shortest warhead tether. We also provide the first direct evidence of the capability of these inhibitors to suppress the GTP binding ability of TG2, at least partially. However, it is intriguing to note that the SAR trends observed herein are opposite to those predicted by molecular modelling - namely that longer tether groups should improve binding affinity by allowing for deeper insertion of the hydrophobic moiety into a hydrophobic pocket on the enzyme. This discrepancy leads us to question whether the existing crystallographic structures of TG2 are appropriate for docking non-peptidic inhibitors. In the absence of a more relevant crystallographic structure, the data from rigorous kinetic studies, such as those provided herein, are critically important for the development of future small molecule TG2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M. M. Rangaswamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of OttawaOttawaOntario K1N 6N5Canada
| | - Pauline Navals
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of OttawaOttawaOntario K1N 6N5Canada
| | - Eric W. J. Gates
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of OttawaOttawaOntario K1N 6N5Canada
| | - Sammir Shad
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of OttawaOttawaOntario K1N 6N5Canada
| | - Sarah K. I. Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of OttawaOttawaOntario K1N 6N5Canada
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of OttawaOttawaOntario K1N 6N5Canada
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4
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A novel selective probe for detecting glutathione from other biothiols based on the concept of Fluorescence Fusion. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1177:338786. [PMID: 34482889 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological thiols importantly regulate the intracellular redox activity and metabolic level, but many of the developed probes for biothiols are facing difficulty in effectively distinguishing GSH from Cys/Hcy due to the similarity in mechanism. In this work, despite the previous pattern of "Logic Gate", we reported the concept of "Fluorescence Fusion" for the first time to achieve only one excitation-emission process. The exploited the probe, MZ-NBD, could quickly measure GSH in 10 min with a large Stokes shift (130 nm). Though the reacting mechanism was similar, only GSH could cause the "Fluorescence Fusion" with only one strong fluorescence response while Cys/Hcy caused two peaks. Adjusting the excitation wavelength could hardly split the fused peak into two. Though image recognition by artificial intelligence could easily distinguish the patterns of peaks, here we used the signal-treating method to realize the high selectivity towards GSH. Moreover, MZ-NBD could be utilized for rapid detection of GSH in living MCF-7 cells, which was more suitable for GSH than using the "Logic Gate" strategy. More than introducing a novel probe with the new concept, this work was meaningful as the linker of traditional reaction-based fluorescent probes and potential image recognition by artificial intelligence, thus led to various future researches in inter-disciplines.
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5
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Jiang C, Huang H, Kang X, Yang L, Xi Z, Sun H, Pluth MD, Yi L. NBD-based synthetic probes for sensing small molecules and proteins: design, sensing mechanisms and biological applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7436-7495. [PMID: 34075930 PMCID: PMC8763210 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01096k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Compounds with a nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) skeleton exhibit prominent useful properties including environmental sensitivity, high reactivity toward amines and biothiols (including H2S) accompanied by distinct colorimetric and fluorescent changes, fluorescence-quenching ability, and small size, all of which facilitate biomolecular sensing and self-assembly. Amines are important biological nucleophiles, and the unique activity of NBD ethers with amines has allowed for site-specific protein labelling and for the detection of enzyme activities. Both H2S and biothiols are involved in a wide range of physiological processes in mammals, and misregulation of these small molecules is associated with numerous diseases including cancers. In this review, we focus on NBD-based synthetic probes as advanced chemical tools for biomolecular sensing. Specifically, we discuss the sensing mechanisms and selectivity of the probes, the design strategies for multi-reactable multi-quenching probes, and the associated biological applications of these important constructs. We also highlight self-assembled NBD-based probes and outline future directions for NBD-based chemosensors. We hope that this comprehensive review will facilitate the development of future probes for investigating and understanding different biological processes and aid the development of potential theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Haojie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xueying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. and Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
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6
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Tamogami S, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R. Fluorescent labeling of the root cap cells with the bioactive NBD-S chemical probe based on the cellulose biosynthesis inhibition herbicides. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101063. [PMID: 34258397 PMCID: PMC8255175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the methods to examine the molecular targets of biologically active compounds is one of the most important subjects in experimental biology/biochemistry. To evaluate the usability of the (7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole)-thioether (NBD-S) probe for this purpose, bioactive chemical probe (1) as the cellulose biosynthesis (CB) inhibitor was synthesized and tested. As a result, a variety of fluorescently-labeled particles and organelles were found in the columella root cap cells of radish plants. Of note, well-defined cellular organelles were clearly recognized in the detaching root cap cells (border-like cells). These results imply that the bioactive NBD-S chemical probe could be a valuable direct-labeling reagent. Analysis of these fluorescent substances would be helpful in providing new information on defined molecular targets and events. •Nobel S-NBD type chemical probe for cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors was prepared. •This S-NBD type probe was designed for triaziflam and indaziflam. •This S-NBD type probe labeled columella and detaching root cap cells fluorescent. •S-NBD probe would be practical as a target exploring tool compound.
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Key Words
- CB, cellulose biosynthesis
- CW, cell wall
- Chemical probe
- Cys, cysteine
- DIEA, N,N-diisopropylethylamine
- DMSO, N,N-dimethylsulfoxide
- Fluorescence
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- Indaziflam
- Lys, lysine
- NBD
- NBD, nitrobenzoxadaizole
- NBD-Cl, 4-chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole
- NBD-N, (7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole)-amine
- NBD-O, (7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole)-ether
- NBD-S, (7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole)-thioether
- Root cap
- Triaziflam
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tamogami
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ganesh K Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal.,GRADE Academy Private Limited, Adarsh Nagar-13, Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal.,GRADE Academy Private Limited, Adarsh Nagar-13, Birgunj, Nepal.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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7
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Li D, Chen W, Liu SH, Chen X, Yin J. The regulation of biothiol-responsive performance and bioimaging application of benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole dyes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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9
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Bai T, Chu T. Exploring the simultaneous biothiols-differentiating detecting feature of a BODIPY chemosensor with DFT/TDDFT. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Huang H, Ji X, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Kang X, Zhu J, Sun L, Yi L. NBD-based fluorescent probes for separate detection of cysteine and biothiols via different reactivities. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4004-4008. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A NBD-based fluorescent probe is developed to seperately detect Cys and all biothiols via different reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Xiuru Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics)
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- China
| | - Yaqing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Changyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Xueying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Jiqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Lu Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics)
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- China
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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11
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Aldehyde group functionalized iridium(III) complexes for the selective sensing of homocysteine. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Jiang Y, Ji X, Zhang C, Xi Z, Sun L, Yi L. Dual-quenching NBD-based fluorescent probes for separate detection of H2S and Cys/Hcy in living cells. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8435-8442. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01535c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dual-quenching fluorescent probes based on thiolysis of NBD thioether/ether/amine for fast and separate detection of H2S and Cys/Hcy in living cells were rationally constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Xiuru Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics)
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Changyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - Lu Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics)
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology
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13
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Zhang H, Xu L, Li W, Chen W, Xiao Q, Huang J, Huang C, Sheng J, Song X. A lysosome-targetable fluorescent probe for the simultaneous sensing of Cys/Hcy and GSH from different emission channels. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7955-7960. [PMID: 35521186 PMCID: PMC9061761 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A lysosome-specific fluorescent probe, Lyso-AC, for biothiols was developed by incorporation of a 4-nitrophenol moiety into a coumarin dye. The Cys/Hcy-triggered substitution-rearrangement cascade, and GSH-induced substitution reaction lead to the corresponding blue emissive amino-coumarin and yellow emissive thiol-coumarin, thereby enabling Cys/Hcy and GSH detection from distinct emissions. Moreover, this probe displayed an excellent lysosome targeting property with a 0.92 Pearson's colocalization coefficient by using Neutral Red as a reference. Significantly, biological experiments indicated Lyso-AC has the potential to monitor lysosome Cys/Hcy and GSH simultaneously in living HeLa cells from distinct emissions. A novel lysosome targetable fluorescent probe, Lyso-AC, that can selectively sense lysosome Cys/Hcy and GSH from different emission channels was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangxi Key Laboratry of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics
- Nanning Normal University
- Nanning 530001
- P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangxi Key Laboratry of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics
- Nanning Normal University
- Nanning 530001
- P. R. China
| | - Wenxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources of Education Ministry
- Guangxi Normal University
- 541004 Guilin
- P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangxi Key Laboratry of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics
- Nanning Normal University
- Nanning 530001
- P. R. China
| | - Qi Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangxi Key Laboratry of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics
- Nanning Normal University
- Nanning 530001
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangxi Key Laboratry of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics
- Nanning Normal University
- Nanning 530001
- P. R. China
| | - Chusheng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangxi Key Laboratry of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics
- Nanning Normal University
- Nanning 530001
- P. R. China
| | - Jiarong Sheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangxi Key Laboratry of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics
- Nanning Normal University
- Nanning 530001
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangzhi Song
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
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14
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Sun L, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Ji X, Lv D, Xi Z, Yi L. A NBD-S-rhodamine dyad for dual-color discriminative imaging of biothiols and Cys/Hcy. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent probe based on fast thiolysis of NBD thioether is developed for dual-color discriminative imaging of Cys and GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling
- Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics)
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
| | - Yaqing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Changyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xiuru Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling
- Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics)
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
| | - Dequn Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemical Biology
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
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