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George MW, Abreu BL, Boufroura H, Moore JC, Poliakoff M. Telescoped Continuous Flow Synthesis of 2-Substituted 1,4-Benzoquinones via Oxidative Dearomatisation of para-Substituted Phenols Using Singlet Oxygen in Supercritical CO2. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1737413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper describes a continuous multi-step synthesis in supercritical CO2. A continuous flow synthesis of 2-substituted 1,4-benzoquinones is reported, and details of the high-pressure reactors are given. This proceeds via the telescoped dearomatisation of p-substituted phenols using singlet oxygen in supercritical CO2 and an acid-mediated C–C migration. The process has a short residence time of 30 minutes, with overall yields and projected productivities of up to 83% and 9 g/day, respectively. This methodology enables a safe and efficient synthesis of 2-substituted 1,4-benzoquinones from photo-generated singlet oxygen, and cheap and readily available p-substituted phenols. The procedure has high atom efficiency, low photocatalyst loading, and substitutes potentially hazardous and corrosive reagents and solvents for molecular oxygen, CO2, and the less hazardous solid-supported acid Amberlyst-15.
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wu L, Abreu BL, Blake AJ, Taylor LJ, Lewis W, Argent SP, Poliakoff M, Boufroura H, George MW. Multigram Synthesis of Trioxanes Enabled by a Supercritical CO2 Integrated Flow Process. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiao Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna L. Abreu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Blake
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J. Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hamza Boufroura
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Corti M, Chiara R, Romani L, Mannucci B, Malavasi L, Quadrelli P. g-C 3N 4/metal halide perovskite composites as photocatalysts for singlet oxygen generation processes for the preparation of various oxidized synthons. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02352c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen generated by g-C3N4/metal halide perovskite composites as photocatalysts in organic oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Corti
- University of Pavia
- Department of Chemistry
- 27100 – Pavia
- Italy
| | - Rossella Chiara
- University of Pavia
- Department of Chemistry
- 27100 – Pavia
- Italy
| | - Lidia Romani
- University of Pavia
- Department of Chemistry
- 27100 – Pavia
- Italy
| | - Barbara Mannucci
- University of Pavia
- Centro Grandi Strumenti (CGS)
- 27100 – Pavia
- Italy
| | | | - Paolo Quadrelli
- University of Pavia
- Department of Chemistry
- 27100 – Pavia
- Italy
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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Herrero-Gomez E, van der Loo CHM, Huck L, Rioz-Martínez A, Keene NF, Li B, Pouwer K, Allais C. Photo-oxidation of Cyclopentadiene Using Continuous Processing: Application to the Synthesis of (1R,4S)-4-Hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-yl Acetate. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lena Huck
- Syncom B.V., Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nandell F. Keene
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bryan Li
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kees Pouwer
- Syncom B.V., Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Allais
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Lee DS, Sharabi M, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. Scalable Continuous Vortex Reactor for Gram to Kilo Scale for UV and Visible Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Medhat Sharabi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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Putta S, Reddy AM, Sheelu G, Reddy BS, Kumaraguru T. Preparation of (1R,4S)-4-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-yl acetate via Novozym-435® catalyzed desymmetrization of cis-3,5-Diacetoxy-1-cyclopentene. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Clark CA, Lee DS, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. UV PhotoVap: Demonstrating How a Simple and Versatile Reactor Based on a Conventional Rotary Evaporator Can Be Used for UV Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael W. George
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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