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Ngamnithiporn A, Welin ER, Pototschnig G, Stoltz BM. Evolution of a Synthetic Strategy toward the Syntheses of Bis-tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1870-1884. [PMID: 38874438 PMCID: PMC11223266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe bis-tetrahydroisoquinoline (bis-THIQ) natural products represent a medicinally important class of isoquinoline alkaloids that exhibit broad biological activities with particularly potent antitumor properties, as exemplified by the two U.S. FDA approved molecules trabectidin and lurbinectedin. Accordingly, other members within the bis-THIQ family have emerged as prime targets for synthetic chemists, aiming to innovate an orthogonal chemical production of these compounds. With the ability of these complementary strategies to reliably and predictably manipulate molecular structures with atomic precision, this should allow the preparation of synthetic derivatives not existing in nature as new drug leads in the development of novel medicines with desired biological functions.Beyond the biological perspective, bis-THIQ natural products also possess intricate and unique structures, serving as a source of intellectual stimulation for synthetic organic chemists. Within our laboratory, we have developed an integrated program that combines reaction development and target-directed synthesis, leveraging the architecturally complex molecular framework of bis-THIQ natural products as a driving force for the advancement of novel reaction methodologies. In this Account, we unveil our synthetic efforts in a comprehensive story, describing how our synthetic strategy toward bis-THIQ natural products, specifically jorunnamycin A and jorumycin, has evolved over the course of our studies through our key transformations comprising (a) the direct functionalization of isoquinoline N-oxide to prepare the bis-isoquinoline (bis-IQ) intermediate, (b) the diastereoselective and enantioselective isoquinoline hydrogenation to forge the pentacyclic skeleton of the natural product, and (c) the late-stage oxygenation chemistry to adjust the oxidation states of the A- and E-rings. First, we detail our plan in utilizing the aryne annulation strategy to prepare isoquinoline fragments for the bis-THIQ molecules. Faced with unpromising results in the direct C-H functionalization of isoquinoline N-oxide, we lay out in this Account our rationale behind the design of each isoquinoline coupling partner to overcome these challenges. Additionally, we reveal the inspiration for our hydrogenation system, the setup of our pseudo-high-throughput screening, and the extension of the developed hydrogenation protocols to other simplified isoquinolines.In the context of non-natural bis-THIQ molecules, we have successfully adapted this tandem coupling/hydrogenation approach in the preparation of perfluorinated bis-THIQs, representing the first set of electron-deficient non-natural analogues. Finally, we include our unsuccessful late-stage oxygenation attempts prior to the discovery of the Pd-catalyzed C-O cross-coupling reaction. With this full disclosure of the chemistry developed for the syntheses of bis-THIQs, we hope our orthogonal synthetic tactics will provide useful information and serve as an inspiration for the future development of bis-THIQ pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger
Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Guo J. Recent advances in the synthesis and activity of analogues of bistetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115917. [PMID: 37925762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecteinascidin 743 (Et-743), also known by the trade name Yondelis®, is the pioneering marine natural product to be successfully developed as an antitumor drug. Moreover, it is the first tetrahydroisoquinoline natural product used clinically for antitumor therapy since Kluepfel, a Canadian scientist, discovered the tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid (THIQ) naphthyridinomycin in 1974. Currently, almost a hundred natural products of bistetrahydroisoquinoline type have been reported. Majority of these bistetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids exhibit diverse pharmacological activities, with some family members portraying potent antitumor activities such as Ecteinascidins, Renieramycins, Saframycins, Jorumycins, among others. Due to the unique chemical structure and exceptional biological activity of these natural alkaloids, coupled with their scarcity in nature, research seeking to provide material basis for further bioactivity research through total synthesis and obtaining compound leads with medicinal value through structural modification, remains a hot topic in the field of antitumor drug R&D. Despite the numerous reviews on the total synthesis of bistetrahydroisoquinoline natural products, comprehensive reviews on their structural modification are apparently scarce. Moreover, structural modification of bioactive natural products to acquire lead compounds with improved pharmaceutical characteristics, is a crucial approach for innovative drug discovery. This paper presents an up-to-date review of both structural modification and activity of bistetrahydroisoquinoline natural products. It highlights how such alkaloids can be used as antitumor lead compounds through careful chemical modifications. This review offers valuable scientific references for pharmaceutical chemists engaged in developing novel antitumor agents based on such alkaloid modifications, as well as those with such a goal in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education/Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), China.
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Kim A, Ngamnithiporn A, Du E, Stoltz BM. Recent Advances in the Total Synthesis of the Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids (2002-2020). Chem Rev 2023; 123:9447-9496. [PMID: 37429001 PMCID: PMC10416225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) natural products constitute one of the largest families of alkaloids and exhibit a wide range of structural diversity and biological activity. Ranging from simple THIQ natural products to complex trisTHIQ alkaloids such as the ecteinascidins, the chemical syntheses of these alkaloids and their analogs have been thoroughly investigated due to their intricate structural features and functionalities, as well as their high therapeutic potential. This review describes the general structure and biosynthesis of each family of THIQ alkaloids as well as recent advancements of the total synthesis of these natural products from 2002 to 2020. Recent chemical syntheses that have emerged harnessing novel, creative synthetic design, and modern chemical methodology will be highlighted. This review will hopefully serve as a guide for the unique strategies and tools used in the total synthesis of THIQ alkaloids, as well as address the longstanding challenges in their chemical and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia
N. Kim
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Aurapat Ngamnithiporn
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research
Institute, 54 Kamphaeng
Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Emily Du
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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4
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Zheng X, Zhang T, Li J, Zhang G, Chen H, Cao S, Li C, Jin G. Synthesis of 2-Ethyl-3-oxazolidineethanol from Propanal and Diethanolamine: Kinetic and Process Optimization Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Banerjee A, Chatterjee I, Panda G. Total synthesis of selected tyrosine‐derived alkaloids: A comparative analysis of tyrosine‐based chiral pool vs other synthetic approaches. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Banerjee
- Indranil Chatterjee and Gautam Panda Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Indranil Chatterjee and Gautam Panda Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Indranil Chatterjee and Gautam Panda Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research New Delhi 110001 India
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Asahara H, Bonkohara A, Takagi M, Iwai K, Ito A, Yoshioka K, Tani S, Umezu K, Nishiwaki N. Development of a synthetic equivalent of α,α-dicationic acetic acid leading to unnatural amino acid derivatives via tetrafunctionalized methanes. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2282-2292. [PMID: 35234775 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02482e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diethyl mesoxalate (DEMO) exhibits high electrophilicity and accepts the nucleophilic addition of a less nucleophilic acid amide to afford N,O-hemiacetal. However, our research showed that elimination of the amide moiety proceeded more easily than dehydration upon treatment with a base. This problem was overcome by reacting DEMO with an acid amide in the presence of acetic anhydride to efficiently obtain N,O-acetal. Acetic acid was eliminated leading to the formation of N-acylimine in situ upon treatment with the base. N-Acylimine is also electrophilic, accepting the second nucleophilic addition by pyrrole or indole to form α,α-disubstituted malonates. Subsequent hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation resulted in (α-indolyl-α-acylamino)acetic acid formation; homologs of tryptophan. Through this process, DEMO serves as a synthetic equivalent of α,α-dicationic acetic acid to facilitate nucleophilic introduction of the two substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruyasu Asahara
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan. .,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Bonkohara
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.
| | - Masaya Takagi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.
| | - Kento Iwai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan. .,Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Akitaka Ito
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan. .,Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yoshioka
- Kumiai Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Nakanogo, Fuji, Shizuoka 421-3306, Japan
| | - Shinki Tani
- Kumiai Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Nakanogo, Fuji, Shizuoka 421-3306, Japan
| | - Kazuto Umezu
- Kumiai Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Nakanogo, Fuji, Shizuoka 421-3306, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Nishiwaki
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan. .,Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
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Castro JAM, Serikava BK, Maior CRS, Naciuk FF, Rocco SA, Ligiéro CBP, Morgon NH, Miranda PCML. Regioselection Switch in Nucleophilic Addition to Isoquinolinequinones: Mechanism and Origin of the Regioselectivity in the Total Synthesis of Ellipticine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7610-7617. [PMID: 35171607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine was synthesized in six steps and 20% global yield starting from the readily available 2,5-dimethoxy isoquinoline. Unprecedented regioselective control of the nucleophilic attack on the isoquinoline-5,8-dione is first described. Investigation of the possible pathways of this transformation through density functional theory calculations reveals unexpected N-oxide assistance in cascade tautomerizations, which was crucial for directing the nucleophilic attack and hastening the overall process. Using this strategy, we prepared the aniline-isoquinolinedione adduct and submitted it to an intramolecular double C-H cross-coupling activation to furnish ellipticinequinone, which gave ellipticine after a MeLi addition/BH3 reduction sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim A M Castro
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083 970, Brazil
| | - Bruno K Serikava
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083 970, Brazil
| | - Christian R S Maior
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083 970, Brazil
| | - Fabrício F Naciuk
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Silvana A Rocco
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carolina B P Ligiéro
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083 970, Brazil
| | - Nelson H Morgon
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083 970, Brazil
| | - Paulo C M L Miranda
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083 970, Brazil
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Zagorska PA, Grigorjeva L, Bolsakova J. Synthesis of 1,2-Dihydroisoquinoline-1-Carboxylates Under Cobalt Catalysis. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Synthesis of saturated nitrogen heterocycles by Strecker reaction – nucleophilic cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Tanifuji R, Minami A, Oguri H, Oikawa H. Total synthesis of alkaloids using both chemical and biochemical methods. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1098-1121. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic approach to synthesize structurally complex natural alkaloids (tetrahydroisoquinoline antibiotics, indole diterpenes, and monoterpene indole alkaloids) has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanifuji
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Koganei
- Japan
| | - Atsushi Minami
- Division of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Hiroki Oguri
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Koganei
- Japan
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- Division of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
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11
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Kimura S, Saito N. Construction of the Pentacyclic Core and Formal Total Synthesis of ( rac)-Renieramycin T. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:764-771. [PMID: 30338201 PMCID: PMC6173372 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A formal total synthesis of the antitumor marine natural product (rac)-renieramycin T, which possesses a characteristic ecteinascidin-type A ring in the renieramycin-saframycin core skeleton, was elaborated. The key steps in the synthesis of (rac)-renieramycin T are a modified Pictet-Spengler cyclization of dialkylated oxomalonate derivatives and decarboxylation via a monocarboxylic acid derivative followed by stereocontrolled protonation of the enol intermediate. A key intermediate in our previous synthesis of renieramycin T was used, and the formal synthesis was accomplished in 21 steps from a known piperazine-2,5-dione derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesMeiji Pharmaceutical University2–522-1 Noshio, KiyoseTokyo204–8588Japan
| | - Naoki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesMeiji Pharmaceutical University2–522-1 Noshio, KiyoseTokyo204–8588Japan
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