1
|
Leśniewska A, Przybylski P. Seven-membered N-heterocycles as approved drugs and promising leads in medicinal chemistry as well as the metal-free domino access to their scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116556. [PMID: 38879971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Azepanes or azepines are structural motifs of many drugs, drug candidates and evaluated lead compounds. Even though compounds having N-heterocyclic 7-membered rings are often found in nature (e.g. alkaloids), the natural compounds of this group are rather rare as approved therapeutics. Thus, recently studied and approved azepane or azepine-congeners predominantly consist of semi-synthetically or synthetically-obtained scaffolds. In this review a comparison of approved drugs and recently investigated leads was proposed taking into regard their structural aspects (stereochemistry), biological activities, pharmacokinetic properties and confirmed molecular targets. The 7-membered N-heterocycles reveal a wide range of biological activities, not only against CNS diseases, but also as e.g. antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, antiparasitic and against allergy agents. As most of the approved or investigated potential drugs or lead structures, belonging to 7-membered N-heterocycles, are synthetic scaffolds, this report also reveals different and efficient metal-free cascade approaches useful to synthesize both simple azepane or azepine-containing congeners and those of oligocyclic structures. Stereochemistry of azepane/azepine fused systems, in view of biological data and binding with the targets, is discussed. Apart from the approved drugs, we compare advances in SAR studies of 7-membered N-heterocycles (mainly from 2018 to 2023), whereas the related synthetic part concerning various domino strategies is focused on the last ten years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Leśniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Senhorães NR, Silva BF, Sousa R, Leite BP, Gonçalves JM, Almeida Paz FA, Pereira-Wilson C, Dias AM. Synthesis of 6,8-diaminopurines via acid-induced cascade cyclization of 5-aminoimidazole precursors and preliminary anticancer evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1500-1513. [PMID: 38294067 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01985c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the pharmacological interest generated by 6-substituted purine roscovitine for cancer treatment, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamidine precursors containing a cyanamide unit were prepared by condensation of 5-amino-N-cyanoimidazole-4-carbimidoyl cyanides with a wide range of primary amines. When these amidine precursors were combined with acids, a fast cascade cyclization occurred at room temperature, affording new 6,8-diaminopurines with the N-3 and N-6 substituents changed relatively to the original positions they occupied in the amidine and imidazole moieties of precursors. The efficacy and wide scope of this method was well demonstrated by an easy and affordable synthesis of 22 6,8-diaminopurines decorated with a wide diversity of substituents at the N-3 and N-6 positions of the purine ring. Preliminary in silico and in vitro assessments of these 22 compounds were carried out and the results showed that 13 of these tested compounds not only exhibited IC50 values between 1.4 and 7.5 μM against the colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 but also showed better binding energies than known inhibitors in docking studies with different cancer-related target proteins. In addition, good harmonization observed between in silico and in vitro results strengthens and validates this preliminary evaluation, suggesting that these novel entities are good candidates for further studies as new anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nádia R Senhorães
- CQUM - Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Bruna F Silva
- CQUM - Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Sousa
- CQUM - Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruna P Leite
- CQUM - Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Jorge M Gonçalves
- CQUM - Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Filipe A Almeida Paz
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cristina Pereira-Wilson
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alice M Dias
- CQUM - Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Łowicki D, Przybylski P. Cascade synthetic strategies opening access to medicinal-relevant aliphatic 3- and 4-membered N-heterocyclic scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114438. [PMID: 35567964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cascade reactions are often 'employed' by nature to construct structurally diverse nitrogen-containing heterocycles in a highly stereoselective fashion, i.e., secondary metabolites important for pharmacy. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles of three- and four-membered rings, as standalone and bicyclic compounds, inhibit different enzymes and are pharmacophores of approved drugs or drug candidates considered in many therapies, e.g. anticancer, antibacterial or antiviral. Domino transformations are in most cases in line with modern green chemistry concepts due to atom economy, one-pot procedures often without use the protective groups, time-saving and at markedly lower costs than multistep transformations. The tandem approaches can help to obtain novel N-heterocyclic scaffolds, functionalized according to structural requirements of the target in cells, taking into account the nature of functional group and stereochemistry. On the other hand cascade strategies allow to modify small N-heterocyclic rings in a systematic way, which is beneficial for structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses. This review is focused on the biological relevance of the N-heterocyclic scaffolds with smaller 3- and 4-membered rings among approved drugs and leading structures of drug candidates. The cascade synthetic strategies offering N-heterocyclic scaffolds, at relatively good yields and high stereoselectivity, are discussed here. The review covers mainly years from 2015 to 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Łowicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin X, Pu M, Sang X, Li S, Liu X, Wu YD, Feng X. Asymmetric Catalytic (2+1) Cycloaddition of Thioketones to Synthesize Tetrasubstituted Thiiranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201151. [PMID: 35218131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first example of enantioselective (2+1) cycloaddition of thioketones with α-diazo pyrazoleamides for the direct synthesis of tetrasubstituted thiiranes. In the presence of chiral N,N'-dioxide/cobalt(ΙΙ) complexes (2-5 mol%), excellent efficiency (up to 99 % yield within 15 mins) and high stereoselectivity (up to >19 : 1 dr and 97 % ee) are available. Elaborations of thiiranes via desulfuration have also been conducted to deliver tetrasubstituted olefins. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the reaction initiates from a doublet state cobalt(ΙΙ) carbenoid, which is followed by a quartet cobalt(ΙΙ)-bound thiocarbonyl ylide pathway. This work provides a route for the selective construction of tetrasubstituted thiiranes and olefins that are otherwise difficult to access.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Maoping Pu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinpeng Sang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Łowicki D, Przybylski P. Tandem construction of biological relevant aliphatic 5-membered N-heterocycles. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114303. [PMID: 35344904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nature often uses cascade reactions in a highly stereocontrolled manner for assembly structurally diverse nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds, i.e. secondary metabolites, important for medicinal chemistry and pharmacy. Five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles as standalone rings, as well as spiro and polycyclic systems are pharmacophores of drugs approved in various therapies, i.a. antibacterial or antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, as they target many key enzymes. Furthermore, a large number of pyrrolidine derivatives are currently considered as drug candidates. Cascade transformations, also known as domino or tandem reactions, offer straightforward methods to build N-heterocyclic libraries of the great structural variety desired for drawing SAR conclusions. The tandem transformations are often atom economic and time-saving because they are performed as the one-pot, so no need for purification after each 'virtual' step and the limited necessity of protective groups are characteristic for these processes. Thus, the same results as in classical multistep synthesis can be achieved at markedly lower costs and shorter time, which is in line with modern green chemistry rules. Great advantage of cascade reactions is often reflected in their high regio- and stereoselectivities, enabling the preparing of the heterocyclic compound better fitted to the expected target in cells. This review reveals the biological relevance of N-heterocyclic scaffolds based on saturated 5-membered rings since we showed a number of examples of approved drugs together with the recent biologically attractive leading structures of drug candidates. Next, novel cascade synthetic procedures, taking into account the structure of the reactants and reaction mechanisms, enabling to obtain biological-relevant heterocyclic frameworks with good yields and relatively high stereoselectivity, were reviewed and compared. The review covers the advances of designing biological active N-heterocycles mainly from 2018 to 2021, whereas the synthetic part is focused on the last 7 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Łowicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin X, Pu M, Sang X, Li S, Liu X, Wu YD, Feng X. Asymmetric Catalytic (2+1) Cycloaddition of Thioketones to Synthesize Tetrasubstituted Thiiranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Lin
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Maoping Pu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen Bay Laboratory CHINA
| | - Xinpeng Sang
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Shiyang Li
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen Bay Laboratory CHINA
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Sichuan University College of Chemistry 29 Wangjiang Road, Jiuyan Bridge 610064 Chengdu CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mousavi H. A comprehensive survey upon diverse and prolific applications of chitosan-based catalytic systems in one-pot multi-component synthesis of heterocyclic rings. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:1003-1166. [PMID: 34174311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are among the most prestigious and valuable chemical molecules with diverse and magnificent applications in various sciences. Due to the remarkable and numerous properties of the heterocyclic frameworks, the development of efficient and convenient synthetic methods for the preparation of such outstanding compounds is of great importance. Undoubtedly, catalysis has a conspicuous role in modern chemical synthesis and green chemistry. Therefore, when designing a chemical reaction, choosing and or preparing powerful and environmentally benign simple catalysts or complicated catalytic systems for an acceleration of the chemical reaction is a pivotal part of work for synthetic chemists. Chitosan, as a biocompatible and biodegradable pseudo-natural polysaccharide is one of the excellent choices for the preparation of suitable catalytic systems due to its unique properties. In this review paper, every effort has been made to cover all research articles in the field of one-pot synthesis of heterocyclic frameworks in the presence of chitosan-based catalytic systems, which were published roughly by the first quarter of 2020. It is hoped that this review paper can be a little help to synthetic scientists, methodologists, and catalyst designers, both on the laboratory and industrial scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mała ŻA, Janicki MJ, Niedźwiecka NH, Góra RW, Konieczny KA, Kowalczyk R. Stereoselectivity Enhancement During the Generation of Three Contiguous Stereocenters in Tetrahydrothiophenes. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta A. Mała
- Bioorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Mikołaj J. Janicki
- Physical and Quantum Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Natalia H. Niedźwiecka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Robert W. Góra
- Physical and Quantum Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Krzysztof A. Konieczny
- Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Bioorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of pyridinyl- and pyrazinylhydrazone derivatives. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
10
|
Hao Y, Gong Y, Cao Z, Zhou Y, Zhou J. A highly efficient In(OTf)3-catalyzed [3 + 3] annulation of spirocyclopropyl oxindoles with 1,4-di-thiane-2,5-diol. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
11
|
Zhang Q, Xu D, Yang J, He L, Zhang M. Construction of the A/B/C core of mexicanolides via a tandem double-aldol reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.150992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Baker T, Davies PW. Synthesis of Thiomorpholin-3-ones by a Gold-Catalysed Oxidative Cyclisation-Rearrangement Cascade from Ynamides. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baker
- School of Chemistry; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Paul W. Davies
- School of Chemistry; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Razavi E, Khoshsima A, Shahriari R. Phase Behavior Modeling of Mixtures Containing N-, S-, and O-Heterocyclic Compounds Using PC-SAFT Equation of State. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Razavi
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran
| | - Ali Khoshsima
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran
| | - Reza Shahriari
- Thermodynamics Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ansari MA, Yadav D, Soni S, Srivastava A, Singh MS. Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of 1,2,4-Dithiazolidines from β-Ketothioamides through a Hydrogen-Atom-Transfer Photocatalytic Approach of Eosin Y. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5404-5412. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monish A. Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sonam Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhijeet Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Grzelak P, Saktura M, Sieroń L, Albrecht Ł. Intramolecular [2+2]‐Cycloaddition in the Synthesis of Polycyclic Tetrahydrothiopyran Derivatives Bearing a Cyclobutane Scaffold. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Grzelak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Maciej Saktura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Lesław Sieroń
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Frankowski S, Skrzyńska A, Albrecht Ł. Inverting the reactivity of troponoid systems in enantioselective higher-order cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11675-11678. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05638f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective higher-order cycloaddition involving a tropone derivative that acts as an electron-rich 8π-component is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Frankowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Anna Skrzyńska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|