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Gomez Fernandez MA, Nascimento de Oliveira M, Zanetti A, Schwertz G, Cossy J, Amara Z. Photochemical Hydrothiolation of Amorphadiene and Formal Synthesis of Artemisinin via a Pummerer Rearrangement. Org Lett 2021; 23:5593-5598. [PMID: 33900782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new access to artemisinin is reported based on a selective photochemical hydrothiolation of amorphadiene, a waste product of the industrial semisynthetic route. This study highlights the discovery of two distinctive activation pathways under solvent-free conditions or using a photocatalyst promoting H-abstraction. Subsequently, a chemoselective oxidation of the resulting photochemically generated thioether, followed by a Pummerer rearrangement, affords dihydroartemisinic aldehyde, a key intermediate in the synthesis of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Andrés Gomez Fernandez
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Marllon Nascimento de Oliveira
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Andrea Zanetti
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Schwertz
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zacharias Amara
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
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Zanetti A, Schwertz G, de Oliveira MN, Gomez Fernandez MA, Amara Z, Cossy J. Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective Allylic Oxidation of Amorphadiene, a Precursor of Artemisinin. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7603-7608. [PMID: 33983733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A regioselective Pd-catalyzed allylic oxidation of amorphadiene, a key precursor to the antimalarial drug artemisinin, is described. Amorphadiene can be obtained in high yields by fermentation, but it is currently treated as a waste in the industrial semisynthetic artemisinin process. The catalytic step described here is a substitute for the P450 enzymes involved in the artemisinin biosynthesis and opens up new opportunities to supplement a critical step in the current semisynthetic route and increase the potential of the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zanetti
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, Paris 75005 Cedex 5, France
| | - Geoffrey Schwertz
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, Paris 75005 Cedex 5, France
| | - Marllon Nascimento de Oliveira
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, (GBCM) Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, Paris Cedex 03, France
| | - Mario Andrés Gomez Fernandez
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, (GBCM) Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, Paris Cedex 03, France
| | - Zacharias Amara
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, (GBCM) Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, Paris Cedex 03, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, Paris 75005 Cedex 5, France
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Schwertz G, Zanetti A, de Oliveira MN, Fernandez MAG, Amara Z, Cossy J. Chemo- and Diastereoselective Hydrosilylation of Amorphadiene toward the Synthesis of Artemisinin. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9607-9613. [PMID: 32643937 PMCID: PMC7418106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A formal synthesis
of artemisinin starting from amorphadiene is
described. This new route relies on the development of a catalytic
chemo- and diastereoselective hydrosilylation. The practicability
of this method is demonstrated by converting amorphadiene to dihydroartemisinic
aldehyde using a one-pot hydrosilylation/oxidation sequence, minimizing
the number of purifications and maximizing the productivity through
a practical one-pot procedure. In addition, this approach can be coupled
with a crystallization-induced diastereoselective transformation (CIDT)
to enhance the optical purity of the key target intermediate, dihydroartemisinic
aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Schwertz
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Andrea Zanetti
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Marllon Nascimento de Oliveira
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris cedex 03, France
| | - Mario Andrés Gomez Fernandez
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris cedex 03, France
| | - Zacharias Amara
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris cedex 03, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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Varela K, Arman HD, Yoshimoto FK. Synthesis of [3,3- 2H 2]-Dihydroartemisinic Acid to Measure the Rate of Nonenzymatic Conversion of Dihydroartemisinic Acid to Artemisinin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:66-78. [PMID: 31859509 PMCID: PMC6988128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinic acid is the biosynthetic precursor to artemisinin, the endoperoxide-containing natural product used to treat malaria. The conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid to artemisinin is a cascade reaction that involves C-C bond cleavage, hydroperoxide incorporation, and polycyclization to form the endoperoxide. Whether or not this reaction is enzymatically controlled has been controversial. A method was developed to quantify the nonenzymatic conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid to artemisinin using LC-MS. A seven-step synthesis of 3,3-dideuterodihydroartemisinic acid (23) was accomplished beginning with dihydroartemisinic acid (1). The nonenzymatic rates of formation of 3,3-dideuteroartemisinin (24) from 3,3-dideuterodihydroartemisinic acid (23) were 1400 ng/day with light and 32 ng/day without light. Moreover, an unexpected formation of nondeuterated artemisinin (3) from 3,3-dideuterodihydroartemisinic acid (23) was detected in both the presence and absence of light. This formation of nondeuterated artemisinin (3) from its dideuterated precursor (23) suggests an alternative mechanistic pathway that operates independent of light to form artemisinin, involving the loss of the two C-3 deuterium atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Varela
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698, United States
| | - Hadi D. Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698, United States
| | - Francis K. Yoshimoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698, United States
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