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Zheng W, Wang Y, Chen F, Bai B, Wang H, Li M. Solvatochromic and Proton-Responsive characteristics of Bi-1,3,4-Oxadiazole derivatives with symmetric dimethylamino substitution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123800. [PMID: 38145583 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
D-A molecules find extensive use in intelligent stimulus-response systems due to their exceptional attributes, including high sensitivity, rapid response, wide compatibility, and structural adaptability. The strength of Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) plays a pivotal role in determining the performance of these devices. To enhance the ICT strength and explore new applications for D-A molecules, we meticulously designed a pair of symmetric dimethylamino-substituted bi-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (DMAOXD and DMAOXDBEN). These symmetric D-A-A-D molecules, with strong electron donor terminals, displayed a modest redshift of less than 25 nm in the UV-vis absorption spectra. However, there was a significant redshift in the emission spectra (140 nm for DMAOXD and 170 nm for DMAOXDBEN) when transitioning from cyclohexane to dimethyl sulfoxide, indicating a pronounced ICT characteristic. Theoretical calculations support the idea that the dimethylaminophenyl unit serves as an electron donor in both DMAOXD and DMAOXDBEN, while the 1,3,4-oxadiazole and central benzene ring act as acceptors. The pronounced ICT characteristic observed in DMAOXD and DMAOXDBEN can be attributed to long-distance electron transfer. Additionally, it's noteworthy that the emission of DMAOXD and DMAOXDBEN solution samples can be quenched by adding trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and restored by the addition of triethylamine (TEA). Inspired by this, a pattern created with ink samples containing DMAOXD and DMAOXDBEN can be concealed through fumigation with TFA and subsequently revealed by treating them with TEA, suggesting their potential use in data encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (MOE), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (MOE), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- Chongqing College of Electronic Engineering, No.76 University Town East Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Binglian Bai
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (MOE), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (MOE), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Vineetha PK, Govind C, Karunakaran V, Manoj N. Ultrafast excited state relaxation dynamics of pyran-based D-π-A systems: solvent polarity controls the triplet state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5479-5488. [PMID: 38282482 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04338j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The excited state relaxation dynamics of V-shaped D-π-A systems having 4H-pyranylidene appended barbituric acid as an acceptor and diphenylamine (TPAPBA) and diethyl amine (EAPBA) as donors were investigated using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy along with theoretical optimization. The steady-state photophysical characterization exhibited the bathochromic shift of the emission maximum (∼6400 cm-1) and large change in the dipole moment (∼24D) with an increase of solvent polarity, reflecting the occurrence of the intramolecular charge transfer state (ICT) in the excited state. The nanosecond and femtosecond transient absorption spectra of these derivatives in a non-polar solvent, toluene, reveal that the excited state relaxation pathway involving a local excited state (LE) decayed to ICT followed by the formation of a twisted ICT state by conformational relaxation, finally leading to the triplet state. The lack of observation of a triplet state in the polar solvent, acetonitrile, signifies that the relaxation dynamics of V-shaped triads in the excited state are influenced by the polarity of the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pookalavan Karicherry Vineetha
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Inter-University Centre for Nanomaterials and Devices, CUSAT, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India.
| | - Chinju Govind
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India.
| | - Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Narayanapillai Manoj
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Inter-University Centre for Nanomaterials and Devices, CUSAT, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India.
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Lin K, Wu C, Zhang G, Wu Z, Tang S, Lin Y, Li X, Jiang Y, Lin H, Wang Y, Ming S, Lu B. Toward High-Performance Electrochromic Conjugated Polymers: Influence of Local Chemical Environment and Side-Chain Engineering. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238424. [PMID: 36500516 PMCID: PMC9741092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Three homologous electrochromic conjugated polymers, each containing an asymmetric building block but decorated with distinct alkyl chains, were designed and synthesized using electrochemical polymerization in this study. The corresponding monomers, namely T610FBTT810, DT6FBT, and DT48FBT, comprise the same backbone structure, i.e., an asymmetric 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole unit substituted by two thiophene terminals, but were decorated with different types of alkyl chain (hexyl, 2-butyloctyl, 2-hexyldecyl, or 2-octyldecyl). The effects of the side-chain structure and asymmetric repeating unit on the optical absorption, electrochemistry, morphology, and electrochromic properties were investigated comparatively. It was found that the electrochromism conjugated polymer, originating from DT6FBT with the shortest and linear alkyl chain, exhibits the best electrochromic performance with a 25% optical contrast ratio and a 0.3 s response time. The flexible electrochromic device of PDT6FBT achieved reversible colors of navy and cyan between the neutral and oxidized states, consistent with the non-device phenomenon. These results demonstrate that subtle modification of the side chain is able to change the electrochromic properties of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Lin
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (Y.W.); (S.M.); Tel.: +86-0760-8832-5742 (K.L.); Fax: +86-791-8382-3320 (K.L.)
| | - Changjun Wu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guangyao Zhang
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Shiting Tang
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Yingxin Lin
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Yuying Jiang
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Hengjia Lin
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Yuehui Wang
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (Y.W.); (S.M.); Tel.: +86-0760-8832-5742 (K.L.); Fax: +86-791-8382-3320 (K.L.)
| | - Shouli Ming
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (Y.W.); (S.M.); Tel.: +86-0760-8832-5742 (K.L.); Fax: +86-791-8382-3320 (K.L.)
| | - Baoyang Lu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
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Rybakiewicz-Sekita R, Toman P, Ganczarczyk R, Drapala J, Ledwon P, Banasiewicz M, Skorka L, Matyjasiak A, Zagorska M, Pron A. D-A-D Compounds Combining Dithienopyrrole Donors and Acceptors of Increasing Electron-Withdrawing Capability: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Electropolymerization, and Electrochromism. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4089-4105. [PMID: 35616402 PMCID: PMC9189846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Five D-π-A-π-D compounds consisting of
the same donor unit (dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole, DTP), the same π-linker (2,5-thienylene),
and different acceptors of increasing electron-withdrawing ability
(1,3,4-thiadiazole (TD), benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole
(BTD), 2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione
(DPP), 1,2,4,5-tetrazine (TZ), and benzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2H,7H)-tetraone (NDI)) were synthesized. DTP-TD, DTP-BTD, and DTP-DPP turned
out to be interesting luminophores emitting either yellow (DTP-TD) or near-infrared (DTP-BTD and DTP-DPP)
radiation in dichloromethane solutions. The emission bands were increasingly
bathochromically shifted with increasing solvent polarity. Electrochemically
determined electron affinities (|EA|s) were found to be strongly dependent
on the nature of the acceptor changing from 2.86 to 3.84 eV for DTP-TD and DTP-NDI, respectively, while the ionization
potential (IP) values varied only weakly. Experimental findings were
strongly supported by theoretical calculations, which correctly predicted
the observed solvent dependence of the emission spectra. Similarly,
the calculated IP and EA values were in excellent agreement with the
experiment. DTP-TD, DTP-BTD, DTP-TZ, and DTP-NDI could be electropolymerized to yield polymers
of very narrow electrochemical band gap and characterized by redox
states differing in color coordinates and lightness. Poly(DTP-NDI) and poly(DTP-TD) showed promising electrochromic behavior,
not only providing a rich color palette in the visible but also exhibiting
near-infrared (NIR) electrochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rybakiewicz-Sekita
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Woycickiego 1/3, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Petr Toman
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Ganczarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Drapala
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/44, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Skorka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Matyjasiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zagorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pron
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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4,7-Bis(5-(9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor molecules of the D-π-A-π-D type structure are often used for applications in organic photovoltaics. In this communication, bromination of 4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine followed by Suzuki cross-coupling with carbazoleboronic acid gave 4,7-bis( 5-(9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was established by high resolution mass-spectrometry, 1H, 13C NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy and mass-spectrometry. A study of the luminescent properties of the dye showed that it exhibits fluorescence in the near infrared region of the spectrum, which makes it a promising compound for use as an active emitting layer in NIR OLED as well as for other possible applications as an IR luminophore.
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Ming S, Zhen S, Zhang H, Han X, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhao J. Electrochromic polymer with asymmetric substituents – Inhibit aggregation and modify respond speed. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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